Today's
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Today, December 2, 2025
December 2, 2025: First Tuesday After
Thanksgiving: Travel Tuesday (Travel Deal Tuesday): -- We've all
heard of the many Black Friday to Cyber Monday weekend sales, but
in the world of travel deals, a new protagonist has emerged
especially for those looking for their next adventure. It's called
Travel Tuesday, a date that has gained enormous popularity among
bargain-hunting travelers looking for flights, hotels and vacation
packages at historically low prices. During Thanksgiving and Black
Friday, airlines and hotel chains usually launch big sales, but
for many that weekend is just the beginning. In 2025, several
platforms reserve their most aggressive discounts for Travel
Tuesday. According to Simon Calder, travel correspondent at The
Independent, the last days of November and the first two weeks of
December make up the low season in the tourism sector. This forces
airlines to reduce fares to fill their planes, a situation that
makes Travel Tuesday the ideal time to make reservations.Travel
Tuesday, celebrated the day after Cyber Monday, plays the same
role in the tourism industry as this digital Monday does in
technology: a day dedicated exclusively to promotions, with
special discounts on flights, stays and complementary services.
Hopper coined the term in 2017 and its popularity skyrocketed. The
booking platform Hopper is credited with creating the concept in
2017, after detecting that the Tuesday after Thanksgiving was one
of the most profitable days of the year to buy airline tickets.
Since then, the initiative has been gaining momentum in the global
market. According to consultancy firm McKinsey & Company,
search interest in "Travel Tuesday" increased by more
than 500% between 2021 and 2023, revealing how consumers have
embraced the date as a key opportunity to save on travel. The best
offers usually come from US companies. While the biggest
promotions are expected to come from US-based companies, the trend
is beginning to spread to other markets. Even operators and hotels
in the UK have shown signs of jumping on the bandwagon as it gains
traction as a marketing strategy. As more countries incorporate
this date into their commercial calendar, travelers can expect
surprises in offers from international operators and digital
platforms with global reach. Although it does not have the
duration or massiveness of Black Friday or Cyber Monday, Travel
Tuesday has established itself as one of the most anticipated days
of the year for those looking to save on tourism. Travel Tuesday
is characterized by concentrating limited-time promotions, so it
is key to be prepared to compare and book quickly before the
offers run out. Experts recommend checking prices before the sales
day to know if there is a real discount. It is also important to
set a budget and try to stick to it, although flexibility in dates
and destinations can make the difference in finding the best
opportunities. Likewise, signing up for notifications from
airlines, hotels or travel agencies allows you to access early
promotions. In many cases, booking directly with the brand offers
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Today, December 2, 2025
December 2, 2025: First Tuesday After
Thanksgiving: Giving Tuesday (National Day of Giving): -- This
event was established to help the "giving season" get
started, reminding people that there is more to holidays than
consumerism and commercialization. National Day of Giving was
started when two organizations, the 92nd Street Y and the United
Nations Foundation came together in 2012, about a month before
Thanksgiving. Their intention was to set aside a day that was all
about celebrating the generosity of giving. Many thought leaders
in the areas of social media, philanthropy and grassroots quickly
joined in, and together they created a group of founding partners
including United Nations Foundation, Cisco, Mashable, Iraq and
Afghanistan Veterans of America (IAVA), Sony, Aldo, Groupon,
UNICEF, Google, Skype, Microsoft and Unilever. The first
announcement about National Day of Giving was made through
Mashable, a technology website. The inaugural celebration of
National Day of Giving was covered extensively by the Washington
Post, the Huffington Post, ABC News, Deseret News, and the White
House official blog, causing the scheme to gain an enormous amount
of popularity in a short period of time. National Day of Giving is
organized and celebrated each year with the simple aim of
encouraging individuals, families, schools, businesses, and other
organizations to give to the less fortunate. A year later, in
2013, even more organizations joined in, including eBay (which
gives a percentage of all its sales proceeds from a week in
December to National Day of Giving) and fashion designer Kevin
Cole, who both designed and promoted awareness ID bracelets,
giving 100% of the proceeds to National Day of Giving. National
Day of Giving has been praised by many, including the Chronicle of
Philanthropy, a newspaper that covers the nonprofit world, as an
antidote to consumer culture and a way for people to give back. On
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Today, December 2, 2025
December 2: National Bartender Day
(Bartender Appreciation Day): -- Bartenders have a rich history:
They have been around since ancient times across cultures. And
with over half a million bartenders in the U.S., today is a big
holiday to celebrate! Whether you go out to a bar or restaurant in
your neighborhood, make a trek to a new spot in town, or share a
drink with your favorite bar tending friend, today's the day to
show your appreciation for all the mixologists (barkeepers,
mixologists, alcohol servers, bar chefs) out there! They keep us
coming back for more, serve us drinks and food, keep us company,
and even share a story or two. We are raising a toast to the
people who stay up tending the bar at our favorite restaurants,
bars, and pubs. This profession goes back to ancient times when
the dinosaurs roamed the earth. Just kidding! But they did exist
in ancient Greece and Rome, working in public drinking houses,
which doubled as social gathering places. These guys worked
through the centuries, commonly called 'innkeepers' in the 15th
century (in Europe). Bartenders were usually alehouse owners or
innkeepers (male or female) and would produce their own liquor.
Since alcohol was frowned upon during the early ages, the
profession had an unfavorable reputation. Over the years, taverns
and the like established themselves as important places for
writers and professionals to conduct their business, and
bartenders gained higher social statuses. As colonization
increased, bartenders began appearing in the New World. The 19th
century brought many changes to the bartending scene in America.
This became a respectable profession across the country and was
even one of the highest-paying. Reportedly, Jerry Thomas, a famous
bartender during those times, earned more than the then Vice
President of the U.S. The 20th century saw prohibition outlaw
sale, consumption, production, and transportation of alcohol in
the U.S., and the nation's famous bars were replaced by illegal
speakeasies. Bartenders found other professions or migrated to big
cities like London and Paris. American drinkers that missed their
old haunts visited these places with such frequency that 'American
bars' came up across these cities. Hotels like the Savoy in London
and the Ritz in Paris became hotspots for cocktails; their bars
served up delicious new concoctions all the time. Back in the
American speakeasies, new drinks and cocktails were being
invented. The gin and tonic was one such invention that came about
during the Prohibition Era. Once prohibition was overturned, bars
and cocktail lounges came up all over the U.S. Bartending schools
opened up, and more people began choosing bartending as a career.
Sailor Jerry Rum founded Bartender Appreciation Day to honor all
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Today, December 2, 2025
December 2: Business Of Popping Corn Day:
-- Commemorate the invention of the first large-scale commercial
oil popcorn popper by Charles Cretors in 1885. Did you know
Cretors almost gave up on the journey that kick-started his
career, first as a manufacturer of biscuits, then as a mechanist
and painter, all of which were critical in helping him invent the
popcorn popper? Business Of Popping Corn Day celebrates Charles
Cretors and his invention - the popcorn machine. His was the first
large-scale commercial oil popcorn popper and was invented in
1885, first as a peanut popper. This was due to Charles'
discontentment with all the popular peanut poppers available at
the time, as confirmed by his great-grandson who said, "My
great-grandfather had a candy store in Decatur, Illinois. He
bought a peanut roaster that he didn't like and thought he could
do a better job. So he sold everything and moved to Chicago to
build a better peanut roaster, which he proceeded to do. He had a
City of Chicago peddlers license dated 1885, and that's how we
date the start of the company." In the 19th century, most
people made popcorn by holding long-handled wire boxes filled with
kernels over fires that, although effective for home consumption,
were inadequate for commercial success. It was Cretors' machines,
invented through his C. Cretors & Company in 1885, that soon
made it practical for people to get into the Business Of Popping
corn. Cretors powered his popcorn machine with a steam engine,
allowing for automation. The steam was created by a fire under a
broiler and powered the small engine, which, in turn, moved the
gears, shaft, and an agitator, stirring the kernels. The fresh
popcorn was caught in a storage bin. Additionally, steam was
diverted to a whistle, which caught the attention of customers. He
applied for a patent for his invention on August 10, 1891, and it
was granted on October 10, 1893. The same year, he took his
invention to the World's Columbian Exposition where the wider
public could sample his machine's popcorn for the first time. On
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Today, December 2, 2025
December 2: National Mutt Day: -- If
Mickey Mouse's mixed breed dog Pluto was good enough for him, then
mutts are good enough for everyone! National Mutt Day is one of
two days (the other is July 31) that encourages us to embrace,
save and celebrate mixed breed dogs! Desperately longing for a new
home, millions of loving and healthy mixed breed dogs in shelters
wait for someone to come and adopt them. National Mutt Day
provides an excellent opportunity to find the perfect canine
companion. Despite the name, a mutt learns, obeys and trains just
like purebred animals. While their lineage can't be traced, their
companionship will be just as faithful. According to the ASPCA,
approximately 3.3 million dogs enter shelters every year. When
these abandoned and often abused animals find their way to a
shelter, each one needs a forever home. Whether you know it or
not, their potential is limitless. Some of the benefits of
adoption are often hidden. Human and canine both enjoy increased
physical activity. Another boost is social interaction through
daily walks. While humans develop patience, their four-legged
companion learns to trust and new limits. For example, as dogs
explore the many scents of the human lifestyle, they usually
discover shoes are off-limits. No matter the breed, size or
demeanor of the human, er, canine, the shelter will take the time
to find the right home for their animals. They schedule visits and
have procedures in place to promote healthy adoptions for families
and individuals. While some dogs experience injury or illness, the
shelters work with veterinarians to heal the animals before making
them available for adoption. Of course, shelters always welcome
donations and volunteers. Dogs love walking, playing and being
loved even if they haven't found their forever home. Every moment
they spend socializing increases their opportunity for adoption.
To observe National Mutt Day: Visit a shelter, and either adopt a
dog or, if you are unable to, you can always volunteer - and post
on social media using #NationalMuttDay and encourage others to
join! Celebrity Pet Expert and Animal Welfare Advocate, Colleen
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Today, December 2, 2025
December 2: Play Basketball Day: -- A day
of celebration of the fast-paced game that echoes with the
rhythmic bounce of the ball and the swish of the net, where
teamwork reigns supreme. A game that's more than a century old,
too! Basketball offers an opportunity for people, whether kids or
adults, to join in on a game that is great for exercise and for
just having fun. Established in honor of the person who originally
created the game of basketball, Play Basketball Day is celebrated
on the birthday of James Naismith, December 2. James Naismith was
a Canadian man who moved to Massachusetts with the purpose of
teaching physical education and sports at the YMCA training school
in the city of Springfield. A teacher, sports coach, a chaplain,
Naismith was given the challenge of creating a game that could be
played inside during the winter, and that was not aggressive.
Naismith came up with a game where fruit baskets were attached to
the balcony and kids were encouraged to throw soccer balls into
them. The referee had to get the ball out of the basket each time
a point was made. In the original basketball game, dribbling and
moving with the ball was not allowed. Instead, players were
required to throw the ball to other players from wherever they
happened to catch it in order to advance. Though NBA games are now
four twelve-minute quarters, they originally played a shorter game
proposed by James Naismith: two fifteen-minute halves with a five
minute rest in between. The term "basketball" was coined
by Naismith in 1891. By 1892, the rule book for basketball was
written by the creator of the game, including thirteen different
rules. That same year, the first public basketball game was played
publicly and the YMCA began advertising the game internationally
not long after and it soon spread all over the world. The first
actual basketball was used in 1894 and nets made of string were
introduced in 1900. National basketball leagues and associations
began to pop up and by the time James Naismith passed away in
1939, the Olympics had begun including it as one of their official
sports. Play Basketball Day is the perfect time to get brushed up
on fun trivia and pieces of information that are interesting to
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( #JCKaelin here: My younger Kevin is one
such child, and we moved to Edison, New Jersey in 1970 so that he
could attend the recently constructed Cerebral Palsy Association
of Middlesex County Center in Roosevelt Park. IDEA gave Kevin the
opportunity to go to a regular public school in 1975 :) )
========= December 2: Special Education Day: -- Commemorates the
signing of the Individuals with Disabilities Education Act into
law on this day in 1975 (IDEA). IDEA granted access to children
with special needs to free and quality public education. The act
has been revised several times but the crux of it remains the
same, and is the foundation for special education in the U.S. In
support of this act, many organizations pledge to provide good
education to students with special needs. It all started in 1972
with the U.S. District Court lawsuit Mills versus the Board of
Education filed in the District Of Columbia. The denial of
publicly funded education for special children, including those
with learning disabilities, was ruled unlawful. This case paved
the way for acts such as the Education for All Handicapped
Children Act of 1975, approved and passed by President Gerald Ford
on November 29 of the same year. The Act was the country's first
official law addressing special education. States receiving
federal funds were required to provide full access to children
with special needs. In 1986, the law was revised to include more
support for parents and educators and to advance education plans.
In 1990, the name of this landmark act changed to the Individuals
with Disabilities Education Act or IDEA. Over the years, clauses
have been added to address issues and ensure that the standards of
education for special children are on par with the overall
educational system. IDEA not only established the rights of
children with learning disabilities, but laid the groundwork for
teachers and families to work together, and ensure there are
services and resources available for support. Special Education
Day started in 2005 - on IDEA's 30th anniversary. On Sale @ 15%
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Today, December 2, 2025
December 2: International Day For The
Abolition Of Slavery: -- Draws attention to slavery that still
exists in the world. This day also focuses on the eradication of
contemporary slavery. Many Americans think of slavery as something
from history. This type of slavery involved the ownership and
forced labor of African Americans. The country put an end to this
type of slavery in 1865. On this day in 1949, the General Assembly
of the United Nations adopted The Convention For The Suppression
Of The Traffic In Persons And The Exploitation Of The Prostitution
Of Others. This day is dedicated to ending modern forms of
slavery, such as sexual exploitation, human trafficking, the most
heinous kinds of child labor, forced marriage, and the forced
recruitment of children for use in armed conflict. It is about
raising awareness and reinforcing global efforts in combatting the
scourge of modern slavery. Governments, organizations, and
individuals are entreated to take this day specifically as an
opportunity to denounce the atrocities of slavery in its modern
form that still exist in the world. Fun fact: The aim of
International Day For The Abolition Of Slavery is different from
that of International Day for the Remembrance of the Slave Trade
and its Abolition, the latter of which is a day to reflect on the
atrocities committed during the Transatlantic Slave Trade Era. The
International Day For The Abolition Of Slavery focuses on
eradicating modern forms of slavery like trafficking, sexual
exploitation, child labor, forced marriage, and forced recruitment
of children into armed conflict. The Day is observed on December
2, which marks the same date that the U.N. Convention for the
Suppression of the Traffic in Persons and the Exploitation of the
Prostitution of Others was adopted by its member states on
December 2, 1949, and it is expected to be observed by
governments, organizations, and people all around the world as a
day specifically set aside to rebuke all forms of modern-day
slavery that still exist in the world today.The International
Labor Organization puts the number of victims of modern slavery at
40 million worldwide. And although modern slavery is not defined
by any binding law, the word encompasses practices such as forced
labor, debt bondage, forced marriage, human trafficking, and every
other situation of exploitation under which a victim is trapped
because of threats of violence, coercion, deception, or abuse of
power. From prehistoric times to the present, slavery has spanned
various nations, civilizations, and religions. Similarly, victims
of slavery hailed from a wide range of races and religious
backgrounds. Enslaved people's social, economic, and legal
standing have varied greatly across times and places. Africans
were kidnapped in the 17th and 18th centuries, sold into slavery
in the American colonies, and exploited to work as slaves in the
production of products such as tobacco and cotton. Though precise
estimates are impossible to provide, some historians believe that
6 to 7 million enslaved individuals were carried to the New World
during the 18th century alone, robbing Africa of some of its
strongest and healthiest men and women. Lincoln issued a
preliminary emancipation proclamation on September 22, 1862, and
on January 1, 1863, he made it official that slaves within any
U.S. state, or designated part of a state shall be then and
forever be free. The Emancipation Proclamation freed almost 3
million enslaved individuals in the rebel states, depriving the
Confederacy of the majority of its labor forces and swaying
foreign public opinion heavily in favor of the Union. Though the
Emancipation Proclamation did not formally end slavery in
America-that would come with the passage of the 13th Amendment
after the Civil War ended in 1865-some 186,000 Black troops joined
the Union Army, and approximately 38,000 died. Even though slavery
is no longer legal anywhere in the world, human trafficking is
still nevertheless a global issue. As of 2013, approximately 25-40
million people were enslaved, with the majority of these people
living in Asia. People were sold into slavery during Sudan's
Second Civil War, which lasted from 1983 to 2005. Evidence of
child trafficking and slavery on cocoa plantations in West Africa
appeared in the late 1990s. Although, since 1995, the
International Day For The Abolition Of Slavery has shone the
spotlight on atrocities of modern slavery and tried to inspire
commitment to better humanity, December 2 wasn't recognized as the
International Day For The Abolition Of Slavery until exactly a
decade after a U.N. Working Group on Slavery submitted a report
that tendered the date for consideration as the World Day for the
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Today, December 2, 2025
December 2: World Pollution Prevention
Day: -- Each individual has a huge role in this fight against
pollution. A clean environment cannot be achieved with the efforts
of a selected few. Small acts such as planting a sapling, dumping
garbage at the right place, recycling plastic items, e.t.c., are
the first steps to turning our planet into a sustainable place to
live. So, start today! This day is created to instill awareness on
environmental pollution and its negative impacts on our health and
the planet. The most hazardous type of pollution that has taken
the world by storm is plastic pollution. From degrading soil
quality to killing marine life, plastic pollution will soon become
a bane to our existence. International organizations such as the
United Nations (U.N.), the World Health Organization (WHO),
Greenpeace, and others have been urging countries all over the
globe to take precautionary measures to control pollution.
However, the responsibility does not lie only on our governments;
individuals must come forth to make every possible effort to
reduce environmental pollution. Based on research and various
surveys, it has been estimated that air pollution is posing
serious health problems for people worldwide, but it affects those
in low- and middle-income countries the most. In fact, death rates
due to air pollution have surged drastically in recent years.
Owing to this concern, WHO has imposed strict air quality norms
for countries like India, Bangladesh, Qatar, Indonesia,
Afghanistan, and Mongolia, to name a few. While most of us are
aware of the preventative measures that we can take, we also must
enlighten those who are ignorant. People must be familiarized with
the fatal repercussions of pollution to make them realize the
gravity of the situation. Besides, these measures can start right
from your home. So, if you wish to create a sustainable future for
your kids and the younger generation, don't delay and take action
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Today, December 2, 2025
December 2, 1823: The United States: The
History Of The United States: Foreign Policy Doctrines Of The
United States: The Monroe Doctrine: -- President James Monroe
introduces what would later be called The Monroe Doctrine during
his seventh annual State Of The Union Address to the Congress,
prohibiting any further colonization of the American continents by
European powers, stating, "... we should consider any attempt
on their part to extend their system to any portion of this
hemisphere as dangerous to our peace and safety...". Written
chiefly by the Secretary Of State and future sixth President John
Quincy Adams, the Monroe Doctrine argued that any intervention in
the politics of the Americas by foreign powers was a potentially
hostile act against the United States. The Doctrine was issued at
a time when nearly all Latin American colonies of Spain and
Portugal had achieved, or were at the point of gaining,
independence from the Portuguese and Spanish Empires. It stated
that further efforts by various European states to take control of
any independent state in the Americas would be viewed as "the
manifestation of an unfriendly disposition toward the United
States." At the same time, the doctrine noted that the U.S.
would recognize and not interfere with existing European colonies
nor meddle in the internal affairs of European countries. The
doctrine asserted that the New World and the Old World were to
remain distinctly separate spheres of influence. The separation
intended to avoid situations that could make the New World a
battleground for the Old World powers so that the U.S. could exert
its influence undisturbed. By the end of the 19th century,
Monroe's declaration was seen as a defining moment in the foreign
policy of the United States and one of its longest-standing
tenets. The intent and impact of the doctrine persisted more than
a century, with only small variations, and would be invoked by
many U.S. statesmen and several U.S. presidents, including Ulysses
S. Grant, Theodore Roosevelt, John F. Kennedy, and Ronald Reagan.
After 1898, the Monroe Doctrine was reinterpreted in terms of
multilateralism and non-intervention by Latin American lawyers and
intellectuals. In 1933, under President Franklin D. Roosevelt, the
U.S. went along with this new reinterpretation, especially in
terms of the Organization of American States. Great Britain shared
the general objective of the Monroe Doctrine, and even wanted to
declare a joint statement to keep other European powers from
further colonizing the New World. The British feared their trade
with the New World would be harmed if the other European powers
further colonized it. In fact, for many years after the doctrine
took effect, Britain, through the Royal Navy, was the sole nation
enforcing it, the U.S. lacking sufficient naval capability. The
U.S. resisted a joint statement because of the recent memory of
the War Of 1812, however, the immediate provocation was the
Russian Ukase of 1821 asserting rights to the Pacific Northwest
and forbidding non-Russian ships from approaching the coast. A
ukase, or ukaz, formally meaing "imposition" in Russian,
was a proclamation of a tsar, government, or a religious leader
(patriarch) of Imperial Russia that had the force of law. "Edict"
and "decree" are adequate translations using the
terminology and concepts of Roman law. The Ukase of 1821 such a
proclamation, and it asserted territorial sovereignty over
northwestern North America, roughly present-day Alaska and most of
the Pacific Northwest. The only attempt to enforce the Ukase
occurred in 1822, when the American ship Pearl was seized by the
Russian sloop Apollon on its way from Boston to Sitka. When the
American government protested, the vessel was released and
compensation was paid for the detention. Extended negotiations and
exchanges of diplomatic notes and missions by Great Britain and
the U.S.A. led to the signing of both the Russo-American Treaty of
1824 and the Anglo-Russian Convention of 1825. In them Russia
agreed to cede all claims south of 54dgs 40min N latitude, a
latitude line was proposed by the British, as general negotiations
had focussed on 55_ north latitude, but part of the Russian terms
was a desire to retain all of Prince Of Wales Island, the southern
tip of which is at 54dgs 40min N latitude. British diplomats were
less concerned about any eventual land boundary than they were
about freedom of navigation in the North Pacific. In addition to
the adjustment to include all of Prince Of Wales Island within the
Russian sphere, the British-Russian agreement also established the
principle of the lisiere, a vaguely-defined strip of mainland
extending inland ten leagues from the sea, and also wording
concerning the marine boundary north from Prince Of Wales Island's
southern tip. The latter items mentioned figured prominently in
the Alaska boundary dispute between the United States and the
United Kingdom, which then controlled Canada's foreign relations.
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Today, December 2, 2025
December 2, 1845: The United States: The
History Of The United States: United States Expansionism: American
Imperialism: Manifest Destiny: -- During his first State Of The
Union Address to Congress, U.S. President James K. Polk proposes
that the United States should aggressively expand into the West, a
widely held belief in the nation known as Manifest Destiny, the
belief that America's settlers were destined to expand across
North America. A mere 4 weeks later, The Texas Annexation occured
when the Republic of Texas was admitted to the Union as the 28th
state on December 29, 1845; the Oregon Territory was annexed on
August 14, 1848, and the Mexican Cession following the American
victory in the Mexican-American War annexed the modern-day
southwestern United States, consisting of the present-day U.S.
states of California, Nevada, Utah, most of Arizona, the western
half of New Mexico, the western quarter of Colorado, and the
southwest corner of Wyoming. Manifest destiny was a widely held
cultural belief in the 19th-century United States that American
settlers were destined to expand across North America. The three
basic themes to manifest destiny are: 1) The special virtues of
the American people and their institutions; 2) The mission of the
United States to redeem and remake the west in the image of the
agrarian East; and 3) An irresistible destiny to accomplish this
essential duty. Historian Frederick Merk says this concept was
born out of "a sense of mission to redeem the Old World by
high example ... generated by the potentialities of a new earth
for building a new heaven". However, in contemporary culture
many have condemned manifest destiny as an ideology that was used
to justify genocide against Native Americans. Historians have
emphasized that "manifest destiny" was a contested
concept; Democrats endorsed the idea but many prominent Americans
(such as Abraham Lincoln, Ulysses S. Grant, and most Whigs)
rejected it. Historian Daniel Walker Howe writes, "American
imperialism did not represent an American consensus; it provoked
bitter dissent within the national polity ... Whigs saw America's
moral mission as one of democratic example rather than one of
conquest." Historian Frederick Merk likewise concluded: "From
the outset Manifest Destiny - vast in program, in its sense of
continentalism - was slight in support. It lacked national,
sectional, or party following commensurate with its magnitude. The
reason was it did not reflect the national spirit. The thesis that
it embodied nationalism, found in much historical writing, is
backed by little real supporting evidence." Newspaper editor
John O'Sullivan is generally credited with coining the term
manifest destiny in 1845 to describe the essence of this mindset;
however, the unsigned editorial titled "Annexation" in
which it first appeared was arguably written by journalist and
annexation advocate Jane Cazneau. The term was used by Democrats
in the 1840s to justify the Mexican-American War and it was also
used to negotiate the Oregon boundary dispute. However, manifest
destiny always limped along because of its internal limitations
and the issue of slavery in the United States, says Merk, and
never became a national priority. By 1843, former U.S. President
John Quincy Adams, originally a major supporter of the concept
underlying manifest destiny, had changed his mind and repudiated
expansionism because it meant the expansion of slavery in Texas.
According to the US Holocaust Memorial Museum Encyclopedia, Adolf
Hitler's Lebensraum was the "Manifest Destiny" for
Germany's romanticization and imperial conquest of Eastern Europe.
Hitler compared Nazi expansion to American expansion westward,
saying, "there's only one duty: to Germanize this country
(Russia) by the immigration of Germans and to look upon the
natives as Redskins." On Sale @ 15% Off Discount Till
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Today's
EarthStation1.com 15% Off Commemorative Memorial Title: Napoleon
(1955) Raymond Pellagrin Orson Welles DVD, Download, USB
Today, December 2, 2025
December 2, 1804: The French Monarchy:
The First French Empire (The French Empire [French: Empire
Francais; Latin: Imperium Francicum], Napoleonic France): Emperors
Of The French: Royal Accessions: Coronations: The Coronation Of
Napoleon I: -- At Notre-Dame de Paris in Paris on 11 Frimaire,
Year XIII according to the French Republican calendar, Napoleon
Bonaparte is crowned Emperor Of The French on a Sunday both by
Pope Pius VII and by his own hand, snatching the crown from the
hands of Pope Pius VII during the actual coronation ceremony, and
then crowning himself with The Crown Of Napoleon, which Napoleon
himself called "The Crown Of Charlemagne", the name of
the ancient royal coronation crown of France that had been
destroyed during the French Revolution. This name allowed Napoleon
to compare himself to the famed mediaeval monarch Charlemagne,
King of the Franks and Holy Roman Emperor. Napoleon's coronation
marked the instantiation of modern empire and was a transparently
masterminded piece of modern propaganda". Napoleon wanted to
establish the legitimacy of his imperial reign, with its new
dynasty and new nobility. To this end, he designed a new
coronation ceremony unlike that for the kings of France, which had
emphasized the king's consecration (sacre) and anointment and was
conferred by the archbishop of Reims in Reims Cathedral.
Napoleon's was a sacred ceremony held in the great cathedral of
Notre Dame de Paris in the presence of Pope Pius VII. Napoleon
brought together various rites and customs, incorporating
ceremonies of Carolingian tradition, the Ancien Regime and the
French Revolution, all presented in sumptuous luxury. On May 18,
1804, the Senat Conservateur ("Conservative Senate", an
advisory body established during the Consulate following the
French Revolution) vested the Republican government of the French
First Republic in an emperor, and preparations for a coronation
followed. Napoleon's elevation to emperor was overwhelmingly
approved by the French citizens in the French constitutional
referendum of 1804. Among Napoleon's motivations for being crowned
were to gain prestige in international royalist and Catholic
circles and to lay the foundation for a future dynasty. On Sale @
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Today's
EarthStation1.com 15% Off Commemorative Memorial Title: Napoleon
Bonaparte Documentaries Collection MP4 Video Download DVD
Today, December 2, 2025
December 2, 1805 (11 Frimaire An XIV
FRC): The Age Of Enlightenment (The Enlightenment, The Age Of
Reason): The Age Of Revolution: The Atlantic Revolutions: The
French Revolution: The French Revolutionary And Napoleonic Wars
(The Great French War) (The French Revolutionary Wars, The
Napoleonic Wars): The Napoleonic Wars: The Coalition Wars: The War
Of The Third Coalition: The Battle Of Austerlitz (The Battle Of
The Three Emperors): -- Napoleon wins what is widely regarded as
his greatest victory when his Grande Armee defeats a larger
Russian and Austrian army led by Emperor Alexander I of Russia and
Holy Roman Emperor Francis II of Austria at the single-day Battle
Of Austerlitz, also known as the Battle Of The Three Emperors, one
of the most important and decisive engagements of the Napoleonic
Wars. The battle occurred near the town of Austerlitz in the
Austrian Empire (modern-day Slavkov u Brna in the Czech Republic).
Austerlitz brought the War of the Thir20d Coalition to a rapid
end, with the Treaty of Pressburg signed by the Austrians later in
the month. The battle is often cited as a tactical masterpiece, in
the same league as other historic engagements, like The Second
Punic War's Battle of Cannae, when Carthaginian general Hannibal
practically annihilated a larger Roman and Italian army under the
consuls Lucius Aemilius Paullus and Gaius Terentius Varro, or The
Battle of Gaugamela, when Alexander The Great and his heavily
outnumbered army of the Hellenic League won the decisive battle of
Alexander's Invasion Of The Persian Achaemenid Empire against
Darius III of Persia. After eliminating an Austrian army during
the Ulm Campaign, French forces seized Vienna in November 1805.
The Austrians avoided further conflict until the arrival of the
Russians bolstered Allied numbers. Napoleon sent his army north in
pursuit of the Allies, but then ordered his forces to retreat so
he could feign a grave weakness. Desperate to lure the Allies into
battle, Napoleon gave every indication in the days preceding the
engagement that the French army was in a pitiful state, even
abandoning the dominant Pratzen Heights near Austerlitz. He
deployed the French army below the Pratzen Heights and
deliberately weakened his right flank, enticing the Allies to
launch a major assault there in the hopes of rolling up the whole
French line. A forced march from Vienna by Marshal Davout and his
III Corps plugged the gap left by Napoleon just in time.
Meanwhile, the heavy Allied deployment against the French right
weakened the allied center on the Pratzen Heights, which was
viciously attacked by the IV Corps of Marshal Soult. With the
Allied center demolished, the French swept through both enemy
flanks and sent the Allies fleeing chaotically, capturing
thousands of prisoners in the process. The Allied disaster
significantly shook the faith of Emperor Francis in the
British-led war effort. France and Austria agreed to an armistice
immediately and the Treaty of Pressburg followed shortly after, on
26 December. Pressburg took Austria out of both the war and the
Coalition while reinforcing the earlier treaties of Campo Formio
and of Luneville between the two powers. The treaty confirmed the
Austrian loss of lands in Italy and Bavaria to France, and in
Germany to Napoleon's German allies. It also imposed an indemnity
of 40 million francs on the defeated Habsburgs and allowed the
fleeing Russian troops free passage through hostile territories
and back to their home soil. Critically, victory at Austerlitz
permitted the creation of the Confederation of the Rhine, a
collection of German states intended as a buffer zone between
France and Central Europe. The Confederation rendered the Holy
Roman Empire virtually useless, so the latter collapsed in 1806
after Francis abdicated the imperial throne, keeping Francis I of
Austria as his only official title. These achievements, however,
did not establish a lasting peace on the continent. Prussian
worries about growing French influence in Central Europe sparked
the War of the Fourth Coalition in 1806. On Sale @ 15% Off
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Today's
EarthStation1.com 15% Off Commemorative Memorial Title: The World:
A Television History Documentary Series DVD, Download, USB
Today, December 2, 2025
December 2, 1851: France: The History Of
France: The Modern History Of France: Governments Of France: The
French Second Republic: The 1851 French Coup D'Etat (Operation
Rubicon): -- French President Louis-Napoleon Bonaparte, nephew and
heir of Napoleon Bonaparte (Napoleon I), commits a self-coup
(autocoup, coup from the top; a form of coup d'etat in which a
nation's head, having come to power through legal means, tries to
stay in power through illegal means), timed to coincide with the
anniversary of Napoleon I's coronation and victory at Austerlitz,
when he overthrows the French Second Republic because he could not
be constitutionally re-elected as the first President Of The
French; a year later to the day, he replaced the Second French
Republic with The Second French Empire when he became Emperor Of
The French as Napoleon III. When he faced the prospect of having
to leave office in 1852, Louis-Napoleon, nephew of Napoleon
Bonaparte, staged the coup in order to stay in office and
implement his reform programs; these included the restoration of
universal male suffrage (previously abolished by the legislature).
His political measures, and the extension of his mandate for 10
years, were popularly endorsed by constitutional referendum. A
year later, the Prince-President reclaimed his uncle's throne as
Emperor of the French under the regnal name Napoleon III. On Sale
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Today's
EarthStation1.com 15% Off Commemorative Memorial Title: The
Western Tradition TV Series DVD, MP4 Video Download, USB Drive
Today, December 2, 2025
December 2, 1852: France: The History Of
France: The Modern History Of France: Governments Of France: The
Second French Empire: Royal Accessions: -- Louis-Napoleon
Bonaparte becomes Emperor Of The French as Napoleon III. As such,
he founded the Second French Empire, and was its only emperor
until the defeat of the French Army and his humiliating capture by
Prussia and its allies in the Franco-Prussian War in 1870. He
worked to modernize the French economy, rebuilt the center of
Paris, expanded the French overseas empire, and engaged in the
Crimean War and the Second Italian War of Independence. The Second
French Empire, also known as The Second Empire and officially The
French Empire (French: Empire Francais), was the Imperial
Bonapartist regime of Napoleon III from 1852 to 1870, between
Louis-Napoleon Bonaparte's coronation as Napoleon III on December
2, 1851 and the founding of the Third Republic followin
Louis-Napoleon Bonaparte's capture during the Franco-Prussian War
on September 4, 1870. Historians in the 1930s and 1940s often
disparaged the Second Empire as a precursor of fascism. Historians
have generally given the Empire negative evaluations on its
foreign policy, and somewhat more positive evaluations of domestic
policies, especially after Napoleon III liberalised his rule after
1858. In international policy, Napoleon III tried to emulate his
uncle, engaging in numerous imperial ventures around the world as
well as several wars in Europe. Using very harsh methods, he built
up the French Empire in North Africa and in Southeast Asia.
Napoleon III also sought to modernise the Mexican economy and
bring it into the French orbit, but this ended in a fiasco. He
badly mishandled the threat from Prussia, and by the end of his
reign, Napoleon III found himself without allies in the face of
overwhelming German force. On Sale @ 15% Off Discount Till
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Today's
EarthStation1.com 15% Off Commemorative Memorial Title: John Brown
Abolitionist Fanatic Documentary DVD MP4 Download USB Drive
Today, December 2, 2025
December 2, 1859: #DOTD: John Brown,
Abolitionist leader (b. May 9, 1800) #dies when he is executed by
hanging for treason, the first person executed for treason in the
history of the United States, at Charles Town, West Virginia, for
his October 16th raid on the U.S. Arsenal at Harper's Ferry
assisted by about 20 followers. He is buried at The John Brown
Farm Grounds in North Elba, New York. John Brown was born in
Torrington, Connecticut. On May 24, 1856, he led The Pottawatomie
Massacre, when John Brown and his men killed five slavery
supporters at Pottawatomie Creek, Kansas, hacking some into pieces
with much of it done in front of their families. On October 16,
1859, he led John Brown's Raid On Harpers Ferry when he seized the
Federal Arsenal at Harpers Ferry with about 20 followers. Inside
the arsenal, Brown and his followers held 60 hostages and managed
to hold out against the local militia, but three days later, U.S.
Marines under the command of Col. Robert E. Lee stormed the
arsenal after Brown refused to negotiate (with future confederate
general J.E.B. Stuart) and was forcibly taken into custody after
sustaining severe combat wounds. Ten of Brown's men, including two
of his sons, were killed. Brown was convicted by the Commonwealth
of Virginia of treason, murder, and inciting slaves to rebellion,
and hanged. John Brown had originally asked Harriet Tubman and
Frederick Douglass, both of whom he had met in his transformative
years as an abolitionist in Springfield, Massachusetts, to join
him in his raid, but Tubman was prevented by illness, and Douglass
declined, as he believed Brown's plan would fail. The Harpers
Ferry Raid and Brown's Virginia v. John Brown trial both were
covered extensively in national newspapers, escalated tensions
that led, a year later, to the South's long-threatened secession
and the American Civil War. Southerners feared that others would
soon follow in Brown's footsteps, encouraging and arming slave
rebellions. He was a hero and icon in the North. Union soldiers
marched to the new song "John Brown's Body", that
portrayed him as a heroic martyr. Newly-freed African Americans
sang the same song, and they often lowered their voices when
speaking of Brown, as if he were a saint. Brown has been variously
described as a heroic martyr and visionary, and as a madman and
terrorist. On Sale @ 15% Off Discount Till Midnight PT!
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Today's
EarthStation1.com 15% Off Commemorative Memorial Title: Maria
Callas: An Operatic Biography 1988 DVD, MP4 Download, USB Drive
Today, December 2, 2025
December 2, 1923: #BOTD: #HBD! Maria
Callas, American-born Greek soprano, actress and beauty (d.
September 16, 1977), is #born Sophie Cecilia Kalos at Flower
Hospital (now the Terence Cardinal Cooke Health Care Center), 1249
5th Avenue, Manhattan, New York City (she was christened Maria
Anna Cecilia Sofia Kalogeropoulos). She was one of the most
renowned and influential opera singers of the 20th century. Many
critics praised her bel canto technique, wide-ranging voice and
dramatic interpretations. Her repertoire ranged from classical
opera seria to the bel canto operas of Donizetti, Bellini and
Rossini and, further, to the works of Verdi and Puccini; and, in
her early career, to the music dramas of Wagner. Her musical and
dramatic talents led to her being hailed as La Divina. Born to
Greek immigrant parents, she was raised by an overbearing mother
who had wanted a son. Maria received her musical education in
Greece at age 13 and later established her career in Italy. Forced
to deal with the exigencies of 1940s wartime poverty and with
near-sightedness that left her nearly blind onstage, she endured
struggles and scandal over the course of her career. She turned
herself from a heavy woman into a svelte and glamorous one after a
mid-career weight loss, which might have contributed to her vocal
decline and the premature end of her career. The press exulted in
publicizing Callas's temperamental behavior, her supposed rivalry
with Renata Tebaldi and her love affair with Greek shipping tycoon
Aristotle Onassis. Although her dramatic life and personal tragedy
have often overshadowed Callas the artist in the popular press,
her artistic achievements were such that Leonard Bernstein called
her "the Bible of opera" and her influence so enduring
that, in 2006, Opera News wrote of her: "Nearly thirty years
after her death, she's still the definition of the diva as
artist-and still one of classical music's best-selling vocalists."
Maria Callas died in Paris, France of a heart attack at age 53. A
funerary liturgy was held at St Stephen's Greek Orthodox Cathedral
on rue Georges-Bizet, Paris on September 20, 1977. She was later
cremated at Paris' famed Pere Lachaise Cemetery and her ashes were
placed in the columbarium there. After being stolen and later
recovered, they were scattered over the Aegean Sea, off the coast
of Greece, according to her wish, in the spring of 1979. On Sale @
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Today's
EarthStation1.com 15% Off Commemorative Memorial Title: Henry
Ford: Tin Lizzie Tycoon + Bonus Film DVD, Download, USB Drive
Today, December 2, 2025
December 2, 1927: The Industrial
Revolution: The Second Industrial Revolution (1870s-1914): The
Automobile: The History Of The Automobile: The Automotive
Industry: The History Of The Automotive Industry: Product
Rollouts: Automobile Rollouts: -- Following 19 years of Ford Model
T production, the Ford Motor Company unveils the Ford Model A as
its new automobile. Also colloquially called the A-Model Ford, the
A, and A-bone, it was the second huge success for the Ford Motor
Company, after its predecessor, the Model T. First produced on
October 20, 1927, but not sold until December 2, it was designated
a 1928 model and was available in four standard colors. The range
of body styles ran from the Tudor at 500 USD (in grey, green, or
black) to the Town Car with a dual cowl at 1200 USD. In March
1930, Model A sales hit three million, and there were nine body
styles available. On Sale @ 15% Off Discount Till Midnight PT!
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Today's
EarthStation1.com 15% Off Commemorative Memorial Title: The Birth
Of The Bomb: The Manhattan Project DVD, Download, USB Drive
Today, December 2, 2025
December 2, 1942: The European Civil War:
World War II: The Second European War (The European Theater Of
World War II): Nuclear Weapons Programs Of The United States: The
Manhattan Project (Codename: Development Of Substitute Materials):
Chicago Pile-1 (CP-1): -- Physicists led by Enrico Fermi carried
out the world's first successful artificial self-sustaining
nuclear chain reaction in a space beneath the football stadium at
the University of Chicago with Chicago Pile-1 (CP-1), the world's
first artificial nuclear reactor, assembled in November 1942 by a
team of physicists that included Fermi, Leo Szilard (who had first
originated the idea of a non-fission chain reaction), Leona Woods,
Herbert L. Anderson, Walter Zinn, Martin D. Whitaker, and George
Weil. This secret development of the reactor was the first major
technical achievement for the Manhattan Project, the Allied effort
to create atomic bombs during World War II. Although the project's
civilian and military leaders had misgivings about the possibility
of a disastrous runaway reaction, they trusted Fermi's safety
calculations and decided they could carry out the experiment in a
densely populated area. It was built by the Metallurgical
Laboratory at the University of Chicago, under the west viewing
stands of the original Stagg Field. Fermi described the apparatus
as "a crude pile of black bricks and wooden timbers".
The reactor used natural uranium. This required a very large
amount of material in order to reach criticality, along with
graphite used as a neutron moderator. The reactor contained 45,000
ultra-pure graphite blocks weighing 360 short tons (330 t), and
was fueled by 5.4 short tons (4.9 t) of uranium metal and 45 short
tons (41 t) of uranium oxide. Unlike most subsequent nuclear
reactors, it had no radiation shielding or cooling system as it
operated at very low power - about one-half watt. The pursuit for
a reactor had been touched off by concern that Nazi Germany had a
substantial scientific lead. The success of Chicago Pile-1
provided the first vivid demonstration of the feasibility of the
military use of nuclear energy by the Allies, and the reality of
the danger that Nazi Germany could succeed in producing nuclear
weapons. Previously, estimates of critical masses had been crude
calculations, leading to order-of-magnitude uncertainties about
the size of a hypothetical bomb. The successful use of graphite as
a moderator paved the way for progress in the Allied effort,
whereas the German program languished partly because of the belief
that scarce and expensive heavy water would have to be used for
that purpose. In 1943, CP-1 was moved to Red Gate Woods, and
reconfigured to become Chicago Pile-2 (CP-2). There, it was
operated for research until 1954, when it was dismantled and
buried. The stands at Stagg Field were demolished in August 1957;
the site is now a National Historic Landmark and a Chicago
Landmark. On Sale @ 15% Off Discount Till Midnight PT!
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Today's
EarthStation1.com 15% Off Commemorative Memorial Title: Joseph
McCarthy Documentaries DVD, Video Download, USB Flash Drive
Today, December 2, 2025
December 2, 1954: The Aftermath Of World
War II: The Cold War: The Cold War (1947-1953): The Cold War
(1953-1962): Anti-Communism: Anti-Communism In The United States:
The Red Scare: The Second Red Scare: McCarthyism (1947-1959): The
Censure Of Joseph McCarthy (The Condemnation Of Joseph McCarthy):
-- The U.S. Senate votes 65 to 22 to censure Senator Joseph
McCarthy for "conduct that tends to bring the Senate into
dishonor and disrepute" following his ruthless investigations
of thousands of suspected Communists. Joseph Raymond McCarthy was
an American politician who served as U.S. Senator from the state
of Wisconsin from 1947 until his death in 1957. Beginning in 1950,
McCarthy became the most visible public face of a period in the
United States in which Cold War tensions fueled fears of
widespread Communist subversion. He is known for alleging that
numerous Communists and Soviet spies and sympathizers had
infiltrated the United States federal government, universities,
film industry, and elsewhere. Ultimately, the smear tactics he
used led him to be censured by the U.S. Senate. The term
"McCarthyism", coined in 1950 in reference to McCarthy's
practices, was soon applied to similar anti-communist activities.
Today, the term is used in reference to what are considered
demagogic, reckless, and unsubstantiated accusations, as well as
public attacks on the character or patriotism of political
opponents. Joseph McCarthy was born in Grand Chute, Wisconsin,
McCarthy commissioned in to the Marine Corps in 1942, where he
served as an intelligence briefing officer for a dive bomber
squadron. Following the end of World War II, he attained the rank
of major. He volunteered to fly twelve combat missions as a
gunner-observer, acquiring the nickname "Tail-Gunner Joe".
Some of his claims of heroism were later shown to be exaggerated
or falsified, leading many of his critics to use "Tail-Gunner
Joe" as a term of mockery. McCarthy successfully ran for the
U.S. Senate in 1946, defeating Robert M. La Follette Jr. After
three largely undistinguished years in the Senate, McCarthy rose
suddenly to national fame in February 1950 when he asserted in a
speech that he had a list of "members of the Communist Party
and members of a spy ring" who were employed in the State
Department. In succeeding years after his 1950 speech, McCarthy
made additional accusations of Communist infiltration into the
State Department, the administration of President Harry S. Truman,
the Voice Of America, and the U.S. Army. He also used various
charges of communism, communist sympathies, disloyalty, or sex
crimes to attack a number of politicians and other individuals
inside and outside of government. This included a concurrent
"Lavender Scare" against suspected homosexuals (as
homosexuality was prohibited by law at the time, it was also
perceived to increase a person's risk for blackmail). With the
highly publicized Army-McCarthy hearings of 1954, and following
the suicide of Wyoming Senator and McCarthy enemy Lester C. Hunt
that same year, McCarthy's support and popularity faded. On
December 2, 1954, the Senate voted to censure Senator McCarthy by
a vote of 67-22, making him one of the few senators ever to be
disciplined in this fashion. McCarthy died at Bethesda Naval
Hospital in Bethesda, Maryland on May 2, 1957, at the age of 48.
His death certificate listed the cause of death as "Hepatitis,
acute, cause unknown". Doctors had not previously reported
him to be in critical condition. Some biographers say this was
caused or exacerbated by alcoholism. On Sale @ 15% Off Discount
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Today's
EarthStation1.com 15% Off Commemorative Memorial Title: Fidel
Castro Documentaries MP4 Video Download DVD Set
Today, December 2, 2025
December 2, 1956: Cuba: The History Of
Cuba: The Cuban Revolution: The 26th Of July Movement (Spanish:
Movimiento 26 Julio (M 26-7): The Landing Of The Granma: -- The
yacht Granma, having sailed from Mexico in November 1956 for the
purpose of overthrowing the regime of Fulgencio Batista, reaches
the shores of Cuba's Oriente Province. Fidel Castro, Che Guevara
and 80 other members of The 26th Of July Movement (Spanish:
Movimiento 26 Julio (M 26-7) disembark to initiate the Cuban
Revolution. The 60-foot (18 m) diesel-powered cabin cruiser was
built in 1943 by Wheeler Shipbuilding of Brooklyn NY as a light
armored target practice boat, US Navy C-1994 and modified postwar
to accommodate 12 people. "Granma", in English, is an
affectionate term for a grandmother; the yacht is said to have
been named for the previous owner's grandmother. On Sale @ 15% Off
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Today's
EarthStation1.com 15% Off Commemorative Memorial Title: CIA The
Secret Files The Central Intelligence Agency TV Series MP4 DVD
Today, December 2, 2025
December 2, 1961: Cuba: The History Of
Cuba: The Consolidation Of The Cuban Revolution (Cuba Under Fidel
Castro): The Politics Of Cuba: The Political Career Of Fidel
Castro: -- In a disgraceful speech nationally broadcast within
Cuba, Cuban leader Fidel Castro admits by declaration that he had
been a Marxist-Leninist for years, and that Cuba is going to adopt
Communism. In response, the U.S. successfully pushed the
Organization of American States to expel Cuba, and the Soviets
privately reprimanded Castro for recklessness, while China praised
Castro's declaration. Despite their ideological affinity with
China, in the Sino-Soviet split, Cuba allied with the wealthier
Soviets, who offered economic and military aid over and above
moral support. In response to Cuba's expulsion from the
Organization of American States, Castro issued the Second
Declaration Of Havana to the Cuban people, considered one of the
Castro's most importan political documents, on February 4, 1962,
which called on Latin America to rise up in revolution. In the
months leading up to Castro's personal reveal as a Communist,
having consolidated "Socialist Cuba", Castro united The
26th Of July Movement (Spanish: Movimiento 26 Julio (M 26-7)
(MR-26-7), Popular Socialist Party (PSP) and the Revolutionary
Directorate (Directorio Revolucionario Estudiantil, literally
Revolutionary Student Directory, a Cuban student group which in
opposition to Cuban dictator Fulgencio Batista) into a governing
party based on the Leninist principle of democratic centralism
known as the Integrated Revolutionary Organizations
(Organizaciones Revolucionarias Integradas - ORI), which was
renamed the United Party of the Cuban Socialist Revolution (PURSC)
in 1962. Although the USSR was hesitant regarding Castro's embrace
of socialism, relations with the Soviets deepened. Castro sent
Fidelito, his eldest son by his first wife, Mirta Diaz-Balart, for
a Moscow schooling. Soviet technicians arrived on the island, and
Castro was awarded the Lenin Peace Prize, an award given by a
panel appointed by the Soviet government to notable individuals
whom the panel indicated had "strengthened peace among
comrades". On Sale @ 15% Off Discount Till Midnight PT!
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Today's
EarthStation1.com 15% Off Commemorative Memorial Title: Castro's
Cuba: Two Views/Guantanamo DVD, MP4 Download, USB Flash Drive
Today, December 2, 2025
December 2, 1976: Cuba: The History Of
Cuba: The Consolidation Of The Cuban Revolution (Cuba Under Fidel
Castro): The Politics Of Cuba: The Political Career Of Fidel
Castro: 1976 Cuban Constitutional Referendum: The Constitution Of
Cuba: The Congress Of The Communist Party Of Cuba: -- Fidel Castro
becomes President of Cuba after a new constitution merges the
posts of president and prime minister, replacing Osvaldo Dorticos
Torrado, who was named President of the National Bank and a member
of the Council of State. The first Cuban President after The Cuban
Revolution was Manuel Urrutia Lleo (December 8, 1901 - July 5,
1981), a liberal Cuban lawyer and politician who campaigned
against the Gerardo Machado government and the second presidency
of Fulgencio Batista during the 1950s. After serving as president
in Cuba's first revolutionary government of 1959, Urrutia resigned
his position after only seven months, owing to a series of
disputes with revolutionary leader Fidel Castro, and emigrated to
the United States shortly afterward. After the resignation of
President Manuel Urrutia, Osvaldo Dorticos Torrado was appointed
President of Cuba on July 17, 1959 by the Council of Ministers,
the highest ranking executive and administrative body of the
Republic of Cuba, which constitutes the nation's government. As
President, Dorticos represented Cuba at the Summit of Non-Aligned
Nations in Belgrade, Yugoslavia (1961), and at the Summit of the
Organisation of American States in Punta del Este, Uruguay (1962).
During the Cuban Missile Crisis of 1962, Dorticos gave a speech at
the United Nations in which he announced that Cuba possessed
nuclear weapons, which it hoped would never be used. He was
present at the inauguration of Peronist President Hector Campora
on May 25, 1973, in Buenos Aires, along with Chilean President
Salvador Allende. For the most part, Dorticos was a figurehead,
with most of the real power held by Prime Minister Fidel Castro.
Dorticos shot himself to death on June 23, 1983, a suicide that
was apparently brought on by the death of his wife, as well as
chronic spinal disease. Fidel Castro served as President of Cuba
from 1976 to 2008. During this time he participated in many
foreign wars including the Angolan Civil War, Mozambique Civil
War, Ogaden War; as well as Latin American revolutions. Castro
also faced other difficulties as the President of Cuba, for
instance the economic crisis that occurred during the Reagan era,
as well as the deteriorating relationship between the Soviet Union
and Cuba due to Glastnost and Perestroika (1980-1989). Beginning
in the 1990s Castro led Cuba in an era of economic crisis known as
the Special Period. During this decade Castro made many changes to
the Cuban economy. Castro reformed Cuban Socialism due to the
withdrawal of the Soviet's backing. Subsequently, Cuba received
aid from Venezuelan President Hugo Chavez, in a period known as
The Pink Tide era (2000-2006). On July 31, 2006 Castro passed his
duties as the President of Cuba to his brother Raul due to health
reasons. Castro renounced his positions as President of the
Council of State and Commander and Chief at the February 24
National Assembly meetings in a letter dated February 18, 2008. On
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Today's
EarthStation1.com 15% Off Commemorative Memorial Title: America:
The Second Century Documentary Series DVD, Download, USB
Today, December 2, 2025
December 2, 1970: Independent Agencies Of
The Federal Government Of The United States (The U.S. Federal
Government, The U.S. Government): Environmental Protection:
Reorganization Plan No. 3 Of 1970: The United States Environmental
Protection Agency (EPA): -- The United States Environmental
Protection Agency (EPA) begins operations, following the
ratification by committee hearings in the House and Senate of the
Executive Order of President Richard Nixon, who proposed its
establishment on July 9, 1970. The Environmental Protection Agency
is an independent executive agency of the United States federal
government tasked with environmental protection matters. The
agency is led by its administrator, who is appointed by the
president and approved by the Senate. The current administrator is
Michael S. Regan. The EPA is not a Cabinet department, but the
administrator is normally given cabinet rank. The EPA has its
headquarters in Washington, D.C., regional offices for each of the
agency's ten regions and 27 laboratories. The agency conducts
environmental assessment, research, and education. It has the
responsibility of maintaining and enforcing national standards
under a variety of environmental laws, in consultation with state,
tribal, and local governments. It delegates some permitting,
monitoring, and enforcement responsibility to U.S. states and the
federally recognized tribes. EPA enforcement powers include fines,
sanctions, and other measures. The agency also works with
industries and all levels of government in a wide variety of
voluntary pollution prevention programs and energy conservation
efforts. The agency's budgeted employee level in 2022 is 14,581.
More than half of EPA's employees are engineers, scientists, and
environmental protection specialists; other employees include
legal, public affairs, financial, and information technologists.
Many public health and environmental groups advocate for the
agency and believe that it is creating a better world. Other
critics believe that the agency commits government overreach by
adding unnecessary regulations on business and property owners. On
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Today's
EarthStation1.com #OnThisDay Commemorative Memorial Title: TV
Commercials: The Cable Age Classics III DVD, Download, USB Drive
Today, December 2, 2025
December 2: Safety Razor Day: --
Celebrates the invention of the revolutionary low-tech tool that
changed the lives of many men across the globe. A safety razor is
a shaving implement with a protective device positioned between
the edge of the blade and the skin to reduce the level of skill
needed for injury-free shaving. Safety Razor Day celebrates the
centuries-old tool that's been at the center of a lasting grooming
tradition. This revolutionary low-tech tool has changed the lives
of thousands of men across the globe. It continues to do so today
in an even finer and smoother fashion, thanks to advancements in
technology and knowledge. A safety razor is a grooming tool with a
protective device positioned between the edge of its blade and the
skin to reduce the level of skill needed for injury-free shaving.
Also referred to as double edge razors, safety razors were
popularised in the 20th century by King Camp Gillette. Before
Gillette's design, several models existed, however, his innovation
- disposable, thin and, importantly, inexpensive - became the
best-selling version. And, it was considered to have
revolutionized shaving at the time because, before them, most men
were reliant on barbers if they wanted to shave. Its invention and
subsequent commercialization enabled men who didn't have deep
pockets to still enjoy a clean-shaven face when they wanted and as
frequently as they liked. Although there's a small learning curve
in terms of how to perfectly hold the blade to your skin, safety
razors produce a far cleaner shave and are less likely to irritate
the skin like cartridge razors. Because of this, they are
considered to be a cut above the rest as far as grooming is
concerned.
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Today's
EarthStation1.com #OnThisDay Commemorative Memorial Title: In The
Suburbs: Life In Suburbia Films DVD, Video Download, USB Drive
Today, December 2, 2025December 2: National Build Joy Day: --
Created in 1017 by Taylor Morrison, one of the largest home
builders in the United States, National Build Joy Day is a special
occasion focused on spreading kindness and happiness within
communities. It's a time when people come together to perform acts
of generosity, whether big or small, to create joy and uplift
spirits. This day encourages everyone to engage in activities that
bring smiles to others, from helping a neighbor to donating to
local charities?. This day is important because it reminds people
to take a moment from their busy lives to appreciate and spread
joy. Engaging in acts of kindness not only benefits others but
also enriches our own lives. National Build Joy Day emphasizes the
power of positivity and how it can ripple through communities,
creating a more connected and compassionate world! The idea behind
this day emerged from the company's annual holiday giving program,
aiming to spread kindness and joy in communities through various
philanthropic efforts. In its initial years, the day saw company
employees engage in acts of kindness, such as building
playgrounds, renovating community gardens, and supporting families
in need. Taylor Morrison encouraged its team members to submit
ideas on how they would spread joy if given a grant. Selected
ideas received funding to bring these projects to life, resulting
in numerous heartfelt initiatives like constructing desks for
students and creating blankets for veterans. By 2020, National
Build Joy Day gained national recognition, extending beyond the
company's employees to involve the broader community. People
across the country were inspired to participate by performing
small acts of kindness or engaging in community service projects.
This expansion aimed to foster a sense of unity and positivity,
emphasizing that even small gestures could make a significant
impact.
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Today's
EarthStation1.com #OnThisDay Commemorative Memorial Title:
Kamehameha I: King Of The Hawaiian Islands MP4 Video Download Or
DVD
Today, December 2, 2025December 2: National Anytime Hawaiian
Day: -- A public holiday in Hawaii that celebrates the diverse
culture and illustrious history of the Aloha State. Hawaiians
observe this day with full fervor with traditional food, festive
carnivals, and parades. Hawaiians are a jolly lot who won't miss a
chance to shake a leg. If you happen to visit Hawaii during the
holiday season, you are definitely in for a joyous treat.
Hawaiians welcome guests with open arms and never disappoint when
it comes to hospitality. Aloha! Before delving into the history of
this holiday, you should know that it's not the same as National
Hawaiian Day observed on July 5. There is no evidence as to how
this day came into being. It is an informal way of introducing
Hawaiian culture and traditions to the world. On this day, people
honor the heritage of Hawaii by preparing or tasting local dishes,
dressing in traditional attire, performing Hawaiian music, and
making merry in general. There are no rules to celebrate this fun
holiday. You can observe in your own way, like inviting your
Hawaiian colleagues or friends for a traditional dinner. Most of
us know Hawaii as a tourist destination but might not be aware of
its history. You can peek into a history book and learn more about
this neighboring state to pay tribute to the holiday. Until 1893,
Hawaii was a glorious kingdom under the rule of Queen
Lili?uokalani of the Kalakaua Dynasty. She was the last monarch of
the island who was overthrown by the pro-United States. Hawaii is
the newest state of the American continent, attaining its
statehood only in 1959. Prior to that, Hawaii was a republic, with
Sanford B. Dole as its first president. Most members of the U.S.
Congress were against the idea of annexing the island. However,
they soon realized its strategic importance after Pearl Harbor was
used as the naval force during the Spanish-American war. Not to
mention the Japanese aerial strike on the base during World War
II. These incidents established Hawaii as a part of the national
identity of America. Steeped in a melange of folk legends and
tropical modernism, Hawaii certainly deserves a day to commemorate
its age-old customs and traditions.
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Today's
EarthStation1.com #OnThisDay Commemorative Memorial Title: Color
Of Honor: The Japanese-American Soldier In WWII DVD, MP4, USB
Today, December 2, 2025December 2, 2015: #DOTD: #RIP: George T.
Sakato, second generation Japanese-American (Nisei), American
citizen soldier, Medal Of Honor recipient (b. February 19, 1921)
#dies in the evening in Denver, Colorado, at the age of 94. He is
buried at Fairmount Cemetery in Denver, Colorado. Sakato's Medal
Of Honor recognized his heroic conduct in frontline fighting in
northern France in 1944. He charged an enemy stronghold, and then
took command of his platoon and led it in defense of the position.
Born George Taro Sakato in Colton, California, he was known by the
nickname "Joe". He graduated from Redlands High School
in Redlands, California. The Sakato family moved to Arizona during
World War II to avoid internment. Sakato joined the US Army in
March 1944. He volunteered to be part of the all-Nisei 442nd
Regimental Combat Team and was assigned to 3rd platoon, Company E,
2nd Battalion. The US Army unit was mostly made up of Americans of
Japanese descent from Hawaii and the mainland. Sakato was awarded
the Distinguished Service Cross (DSC) for extraordinary heroism on
October 29, 1944 in France. In the 1990s, there was a review of US
military service records of Americans of Asian descent who
received the DSC during World War II. Sakato's award was upgraded
to the Medal Of Honor. President Bill Clinton presented Sakato the
Medal Of Honor during a ceremony at the White House on June 21,
2000. Twenty-one other American servicemen of World War II of
Asian descent also were presented the Medal Of Honor during the
ceremony, but only seven were living recipients. His Medal Of
Honor Citation reads: "Private George T. Sakato distinguished
himself by extraordinary heroism in action on 29 October 1944, on
hill 617 in the vicinity of Biffontaine, France. After his platoon
had virtually destroyed two enemy defense lines, during which he
personally killed five enemy soldiers and captured four, his unit
was pinned down by heavy enemy fire. Disregarding the enemy fire,
Private Sakato made a one-man rush that encouraged his platoon to
charge and destroy the enemy strongpoint. While his platoon was
reorganizing, he proved to be the inspiration of his squad in
halting a counter-attack on the left flank during which his squad
leader was killed. Taking charge of the squad, he continued his
relentless tactics, using an enemy rifle and P-38 pistol to stop
an organized enemy attack. During this entire action, he killed 12
and wounded two, personally captured four and assisted his platoon
in taking 34 prisoners. By continuously ignoring enemy fire, and
by his gallant courage and fighting spirit, he turned impending
defeat into victory and helped his platoon complete its mission.
Private Sakato's extraordinary heroism and devotion to duty are in
keeping with the highest traditions of military service and
reflect great credit on him, his unit, and the United States
Army."
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Today's
EarthStation1.com #OnThisDay Commemorative Memorial Title:
Vietnam: The Ten Thousand Day War TV Series DVD, Video Download,
USB
Today, December 2, 2025December 2, 1962: The Aftermath Of World
War II: The Cold War: The Cold War In Asia: The Indochina Wars:
The Vietnam War (The Second Indochina War, The Vietnam Conflict,
The Resistance War Against America): The United States In The
Vietnam War: -- After a trip to Vietnam at the request of U.S.
President John F. Kennedy, U.S. Senate Majority Leader Mike
Mansfield becomes the first American official to comment adversely
on the war's progress in his report to the president. Mansfield
was an early supporter of South Vietnam's president Ngo Dinh Diem,
but he altered his opinion on the Vietnam War after a visit to
Vietnam in 1962. He reported that US money given to Diem's
government was being squandered, and that the US should avoid
further involvement in Vietnam. He was thus the first American
official to comment even mildly negatively on the war's condition.
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Today's
EarthStation1.com #OnThisDay Commemorative Memorial Title:
Barnum's Big Top: P. T. Barnum's Circuses + 2 Bonuses MP4 Download
DVD
Today, December 2, 2025December 2, 1936: #DOTD: #RIP: John
Ringling, American entrepreneur who is the best known of the seven
Ringling brothers (b. May 31, 1866) #dies in New York City, aged
70. He is buried in The John And Mable Ringling Museum Grounds in
Sarasota, Florida, Once one of the world's wealthiest men, he died
with only 311 USD in the bank. At his death, he willed his
Sarasota mansion, the museum, and his entire art collection to the
state of Florida. The house, Ca D'Zan, and The John And Mable
Ringling Museum Of Art offer visitors a glimpse into the lifestyle
of the Roaring 20s, a renowned art collection and library. Another
of John's legacies is The Ringling College Of Art And Design,
which asked to adopt his name because of the cultural influence of
the museum and its collection. A museum devoted to the Ringling
Brothers Circus has been established on the estate also. John
Ringling was born John Nicholas Ringling in McGregor, Iowa. John
Ringling, in addition to owning and managing many of the largest
circuses in the United States, was also a rancher, a real estate
developer and an art collector. Five Ringling brothers, including
John, merged their Ringling Bros World's Greatest Shows with
Barnum & Bailey Circus to create Ringling Bros. and Barnum &
Bailey Circus, a merger that shaped the modern circus into the
form it took for its last century of existence. The merger created
a virtual monopoly of traveling circuses, and they became a staple
of the entertainment world until 2017, when weakening attendance,
many animal rights protests, and high operating costs forced them
to perform their last show on May 21, 2017, at Nassau Veterans
Memorial Coliseum, closing after 146 years. John Ringling died of
of pneumonia in New York City, aged 70. He is buried at The John
And Mable Ringling Museum Grounds in Sarasota, Florida. He was the
last Ringling brother to die, as well as the longest-lived of the
Ringling brothers, being the only brother to reach his 70s.
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Today's
EarthStation1.com #OnThisDay Commemorative Memorial Title: Bobby
Kennedy: In His Own Words DVD, Video Download, USB Flash Drive
Today, December 2, 2025December 2, 2020: #DOTD: #RIP: Rafer
Johnson, African American decathlete and film actor, 1960 Olympic
decathlon gold medalist and USA team's flag bearer, 1956 Olympic
decathalon silver medalist, 1955 Pan American Games gold medalist,
lighter of the Olympic cauldron at the Los Angeles Games in 1984,
who along with football player Rosey Grier and journalist George
Plimpton tackled Sirhan Sirhan moments after he had fatally shot
Robert F. Kennedy (b. August 18, 1934) #dies after suffering a
stroke in Sherman Oaks, California, aged 86. He is buried at
Pacific View Memorial Park in Corona del Mar, Orange County,
California. Rafer Johnson was born Rafer Lewis Johnson in
Hillsboro, Texas. After he retired from athletics, Johnson turned
to acting, sportscasting, and public service and was instrumental
in creating the California Special Olympics. His acting career
included appearances in The Sins of Rachel Cade (1961), the Elvis
Presley film Wild in the Country (1961), Pirates of Tortuga
(1961), None but the Brave (1965), two Tarzan films with Mike
Henry, The Last Grenade (1970), Soul Soldier (1970), Roots: The
Next Generations (1979), the James Bond film Licence to Kill
(1989), and Think Big (1990).
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Today's
EarthStation1.com #OnThisDay Commemorative Memorial Title: Eyes On
The Prize II: America At The Racial Crossroads DVD MP4 USB
Today, December 2, 2025December 2, 1922: #BOTD: #HBD! Charles
Diggs, known familiarly as Charlie Diggs, soldier, funeral
director, Michigan State Senator, Representative from The State Of
Michigan, Michigan's first Black congressman, winning in the
general election of The 1946 United States House Of
Representatives for Michigan's 13th congressional district to
become its representative in the 84th Congress, Civil Rights
activist, founding member and first chairman of the Congressional
Black Caucus (d. August 24, 1998) is #born Charles Coles Diggs Jr.
in Detroit, Michigan, the only child of Mayme E. Jones Diggs, and
Charles Diggs Sr.. He was rooted in his family's business, the
House Of Diggs, at one time was said to be Michigan's largest
funeral home, founded by his father Charles C. Diggs, Sr. in 1921.
He attended the University of Michigan, Detroit College of Law
(1952-52), and Fisk University. He served in the United States
Army from 1943 to 1945. After his discharge, Diggs worked as a
funeral director at The House Of Diggs. He served as a member of
the Michigan Senate from the 3rd district 1951-54, just as his
father had from 1937 to 1944. A member of the Democratic Party, he
was elected as Michigan's 13th District Represetative to thirteen
Congresses, serving from January 3, 1955 until June 3, 1980. Diggs
was an early and highly visible participant in the civil rights
movement {The American Civil Rights Movement (1954-1968)}. In
September 1955, the Michigan Representative garnered national
attention when he attended the trial of the two white
Mississippians accused of murdering Emmett Till. He was elected
the first chairman of the Congressional Black Caucus, which on
January 4, 1969 he was also one of the main founders of. While
chairman, Diggs successfully led a caucus boycott of President
Nixon's State of the Union Address, following Nixon's refusal to
meet to discuss issues relevant to African Americans. This and
similar work contributed to Diggs being named on the Master List
Of Nixon Political Opponents, colloquially known as "The
Nixon Enemies List". He was a staunch and outspoken critic of
the apartheid regime in South Africa. On March 23, 1978, Diggs was
indicted by a federal grand jury on 35 charges of mail fraud and
charged with taking kickbacks from staff whose salaries he raised.
He was convicted in United States of America v. Charles C. Diggs,
Jr. on October 7, 1978, on 11 counts of mail fraud and filing
false payroll forms. Diggs insisted he had done nothing wrong, and
was overwhelmingly re-elected while awaiting sentencing. He was
censured by the House on July 31, 1979, and resigned from Congress
June 3, 1980. He was sentenced to three years in prison and served
14 months. Charles Diggs died of a stroke aged 75 at Greater
Southeast Community Hospital in Washington, D.C. He is interred at
Detroit Memorial Park in Warren, Michigan.
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Today's
EarthStation1.com #OnThisDay Commemorative Memorial Title: Bank Of
Crooks & Criminals The BCCI Scandal DVD MP4 Download USB Drive
Today, December 2, 2025December 2, 1993: #DOTD: Pablo Escobar,
known as "The King Of Cocaine", Colombian drug lord,
narcoterrorist, and politician, founder and sole leader of the
Medellin Cartel (b. December 1, 1949) #dies, killed in his
hometown of Rionegro by Colombian National Police, a day after his
44th birthday. His killing was mourned and his funeral attended by
over 25,000 people. He is buried at the Cemetario Jardines
Montesacro in Itagui, just south of Medellin. Pablo Escobar was
born Pablo Emilio Escobar Gaviria in Rionegro, Antioquia
Department, Columbia. Escobar was one of the wealthiest criminals
in history, having amassed an estimated net worth of 30B USD by
the time of his death (70B USD as of 2022) while his drug cartel
monopolized the cocaine trade into the United States in the 1980s
and early 1990s. Raised in Medellin, Columbia, Escobar studied
briefly at Universidad Autonoma Latinoamericana of Medellin, but
left without graduating; he instead began engaging in criminal
activity, selling illegal cigarettes and fake lottery tickets, as
well as participating in motor vehicle theft. In the early 1970s,
he began to work for various drug smugglers, often kidnapping and
holding people for ransom. In 1976, Escobar founded the Medellin
Cartel, which distributed powder cocaine, and established the
first smuggling routes from Peru, Bolivia and Ecuador, through
Colombia and eventually into the United States. Escobar's
infiltration into the U.S. created exponential demand for cocaine
and by the 1980s it was estimated Escobar led monthly shipments of
70 to 80 tons of cocaine into the country from Colombia. As a
result, he quickly became one of the richest people in the world,
but constantly battled rival cartels domestically and abroad,
leading to massacres and the murders of police officers, judges,
locals, and prominent politicians. In the 1982 Colombian
parliamentary election, Escobar was elected as an alternate member
of the Chamber of Representatives as part of the Liberal Party.
Through this, he was responsible for community projects such as
the construction of houses and football fields, which gained him
popularity among the locals of the towns that he frequented.
However, Escobar's political ambitions were thwarted by the
Colombian and U.S. governments, who routinely pushed for his
arrest, with Escobar widely believed to have orchestrated the
Avianca Flight 203 and DAS Building bombings in retaliation. In
1991, Escobar surrendered to authorities, and was sentenced to
five years' imprisonment on a host of charges, but struck a deal
of no extradition with Colombian President Cesar Gaviria, with the
ability of being housed in his own, self-built prison, La
Catedral. In 1992, Escobar escaped and went into hiding when
authorities attempted to move him to a more standard holding
facility, leading to a nationwide manhunt. As a result, the
Medellin Cartel crumbled, and her was killed shortly thereafter.
Escobar's legacy remains controversial; while many denounce the
heinous nature of his crimes, he was seen as a "Robin
Hood-like" figure for many in Colombia, as he provided many
amenities to the poor. Additionally, his private estate, Hacienda
Napoles, has been transformed into a theme park. His life has also
served as inspiration for or has been dramatized widely in film,
television, and in music.
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Today's
EarthStation1.com #OnThisDay Commemorative Memorial Title: China
In Revolution 1911-1949 TV Series DVD, Download, USB Flash Drive
Today, December 2, 2025December 2, 1908: China: The History Of
China: Imperial China: The Qing Dynasty (The Great Qing): Royal
Accessions: The Century Of Humiliation (The Hundred Years Of
National Humiliation) (1838-1945): -- Royal Accessions: Puyi
becomes Emperor of China at the age of two. Puyi of the Manchu
Aisin Gioro clan, commonly known as Pu Yi, was the last Emperor of
China and the twelfth and final ruler of the Qing dynasty. When a
child, he ruled as the Xuantong Emperor in China and Khevt Yos
Khaan in Mongolia from 1908 until his forced abdication on 12
February 1912, after the successful Xinhai Revolution, also known
as the Chinese Revolution or the Revolution of 1911. From 1-12
July 1917, he was briefly restored to the throne as emperor by the
warlord Zhang Xun. In 1932 after the occupation of Manchuria, the
state of Manchukuo was established by Japan, and he was chosen to
become 'Emperor' of the new state using the era-name of Datong
(Ta-tung). In 1934, he was declared the Kangde Emperor (or Kang-te
Emperor) of Manchukuo and ruled until the end of the Second
Sino-Japanese War in 1945. After the People's Republic Of China
was established in 1949, Puyi was imprisoned as a war criminal for
10 years, wrote his memoirs and became a titular member of the
Chinese People's Political Consultative Conference and the
National People's Congress.
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Today's
EarthStation1.com #OnThisDay Commemorative Memorial Title: Terror:
The Israeli-Palestinian Conflict DVD MP4 Video Download
Today, December 2, 2025December 2, 1947: The Aftermath Of World
War II: The Cold War: The Decolonization Of Asia: The Arab-Israeli
Conflict: Mandatory Palestine: Intercommunal Conflict In Mandatory
Palestine: The Israeli-Palestinian Conflict: The United Nations
Partition Plan for Palestine (United Nations Resolution 181 (II)):
The 1947 Jerusalem Riots: -- Riots break out in Jerusalem in
response to the United Nations Partition Plan For Palestine. The
Arab Higher Committee declared a three-day strike and public
protest to begin on December 2, 1947, in protest at the vote.
Arabs marching to Zion Square on December 2 were stopped by the
British, and the Arabs instead turned towards the commercial
center of the City at Mamilla and Jaffa Road, burning many
buildings and shops. Violence continued for two more days, with a
number of Jewish neighborhoods being attacked. The New York Times,
December 3, 1947, has a three column headline on the front page:
"JERUSALEM TORN BY RIOTING; ARABS USE KNIVES, SET FIRES; JEWS
REPLY, HAGANAH IN OPEN" with subheads that include: "14
Are Slain In Day" "8 Jews Reported Killed in Palestine
Clashes--Mob Loots Shops" etc. A consequence of the violence
was the decision by the Haganah Jewish paramilitary organization
to use force to "stop future attacks on Jews". The Irgun
Zionist paramilitary organization had conducted armed attacks
aimed against population of nearby Arab villages and a bombing
campaign against Arab civilians. On December 12, Irgun militants
placed a bomb at the Damascus Gate that killed 20 people.
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Today's
EarthStation1.com #OnThisDay Commemorative Memorial Title: TV
Cigarette Commercials 1950s-70s Film Collection DVD, MP4, USB
Stick
Today, December 2, 2025December 2, 1990: #DOTD: #RIP: Robert
Cummings, American stage, film and television actor, singer, and
director (b. December 2, 1990 #dies aged 80 of kidney failure and
complications from pneumonia at the Motion Picture &
Television Country House and Hospital in Woodland Hills,
California. He is interred in The Great Mausoleum at Forest Lawn
Cemetery in Glendale, Los Angeles County, California. Robert
Cummings was born Charles Clarence Robert Orville Cummings in
Joplin, Missouri. He appeared in comedy films such as The Devil
and Miss Jones (1941) and Princess O'Rourke (1943), and in
dramatic films, especially two of Alfred Hitchcock's thrillers,
Saboteur (1942) and Dial M for Murder (1954). He received five
Primetime Emmy Award nominations, and won the Primetime Emmy Award
for Best Actor in a Single Performance in 1955. On February 8,
1960, he received two stars on the Hollywood Walk of Fame for his
contributions to the motion picture and television industries, at
6816 Hollywood Boulevard and 1718 Vine Street. He used the stage
name Robert Cummings from mid-1935 until the end of 1954 and was
credited as Bob Cummings from 1955 until his death. When the
United States government began licensing flight instructors,
Cummings was issued flight instructor certificate No. 1, making
him the first official flight instructor in the United States.
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Today's
EarthStation1.com #OnThisDay Commemorative Memorial Title: Firing
Line Special Resolved Cold War Is Not Ending Debate DVD MP4 USB
Today, December 2, 2025December 2, 1924: #BOTD: Alexander Haig,
American general and politician, Vice Chief Of Staff of the Army,
Supreme Allied Commander Europe, 59th United States Secretary Of
State under President Ronald Reagan, White House Chief Of Staff
under Presidents Richard Nixon and Gerald Ford (d. February 20,
2010) is #born Alexander Meigs Haig Jr. in Bala Cynwyd,
Pennsylvania. Haig served in the Korean War after graduating from
the United States Military Academy. In the Korean War, he served
as an aide to General Alonzo Patrick Fox and General Edward
Almond. After the war, he served as an aide to Secretary Of
Defense Robert McNamara. During the Vietnam War, Haig commanded a
brigade and later a battalion of the 1st Infantry Division. For
his service, Haig was a recipient of the Distinguished Service
Cross, the Silver Star with oak leaf cluster, and the Purple
Heart. In 1969, Haig became an assistant to National Security
Advisor Henry Kissinger. He became Vice Chief Of Staff of the
Army, the second highest ranking position in the Army, in 1972.
After the 1973 resignation of H. R. Haldeman, Haig became
President Nixon's Chief Of Staff. Serving in the wake of the
Watergate scandal, he became especially influential in the finals
months of Nixon's tenure, and played a role in persuading Nixon to
resign in August 1974. Haig continued to serve as Chief Of Staff
for the first month of President Ford's tenure. From 1974 to 1979,
Haig served as Supreme Allied Commander Europe, commanding all
NATO forces in Europe. He retired from the Army in 1979 and
pursued a career in business. After Reagan won the 1980
presidential election, he nominated Haig to be his Secretary Of
State. After the attempted assassination of Ronald Reagan, Haig
asserted "I am in control here," later stating that he
meant that he was functionally in control of the government.
During the Falklands War, Haig sought to broker peace between the
United Kingdom and Argentina. He resigned from Reagan's cabinet in
July 1982. After leaving office, he unsuccessfully sought the
presidential nomination in the 1988 Republican primaries. He also
served as the head of a consulting firm and hosted the television
program World Business Review. Alexander Haig died at the age of
85 from complications from a staphylococcal infection that he had
prior to admission to Johns Hopkins Hospital in Baltimore,
Maryland. A Mass of Christian Burial was held at the Basilica of
the National Shrine of the Immaculate Conception in Washington,
D.C., on March 2, 2010. Eulogies were given by Henry Kissinger and
Sherwood D. Goldberg. President Barack Obama said in a statement
that "General Haig exemplified our finest warrior-diplomat
tradition of those who dedicate their lives to public
service."Secretary Of State Hillary Clinton described Haig as
a man who "served his country in many capacities for many
years, earning honor on the battlefield, the confidence of
presidents and prime ministers, and the thanks of a grateful
nation." He is buried at Arlington National Cemetery.
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Today's
EarthStation1.com #OnThisDay Commemorative Memorial Title:
Television: A History Of Broadcast TV DVD MP4 Download USB Drive
Today, December 2, 2025December 2, 1986: #DOTD: #RIP: Desi
Arnaz, Cuban-American actor, musician, singer, businessman and
television producer, best remembered for his role as Ricky Ricardo
on the American television series sitcom I Love Lucy with his
co-star Lucille Ball, to whom he was married at the time (b. March
2, 1917) #dies in Del Mar, California of lung cancer, aged 69.
Lucille Ball was one of hundreds to attend Arnaz's funeral, which
was held at St. James Roman Catholic Church in San Diego County,
California. His remains were cremated and his ashes were scattered
in The Sea Of Cortes at Rancho Las Cruces, near La Paz, Mexico.
Desi Arnaz was born Desiderio Alberto Arnaz Y De Acha III in
Santiago de Cuba, Cuba. Better known as Desi Arnaz or Desi Arnaz,
Sr., he and Ball are generally credited as the inventors of the
syndicated rerun, which they pioneered with the I Love Lucy
series. Arnaz and Lucille Ball cofounded and ran the television
production company Desilu Productions, originally to market I Love
Lucy to television networks. After I Love Lucy ended, Arnaz went
on to produce several other television series, at first with
Desilu Productions, and later independently; examples of which
included The Ann Sothern Show and The Untouchables. He was also
renowned for leading his Latin music band, The Desi Arnaz
Orchestra.
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Today's
EarthStation1.com #OnThisDay Commemorative Memorial Title: Aaron
Copland A Self Portrait DVD, MP4 Video Download, USB Flash Drive
Today, December 2, 2025December 2, 1990: #DOTD: #RIP: Aaron
Copland, American composer, conductor, composition teacher,
writer, and later a conductor of his own and other American music
(b. November 14, 1900) #dies of Alzheimer's disease and
respiratory failure in North Tarrytown, New York (now Sleepy
Hollow), aged 90. Following his death, his ashes were scattered
over the Tanglewood Music Center near Lenox, Massachusetts. Aaron
Copland was born in Brooklyn, New York, the youngest of five
children in a Conservative Jewish family of Lithuanian origins.
Copland was referred to by his peers and critics as "the Dean
of American Composers". The open, slowly changing harmonies
in much of his music are typical of what many people consider to
be the sound of American music, evoking the vast American
landscape and pioneer spirit. He is best known for the works he
wrote in the 1930s and 1940s in a deliberately accessible style
often referred to as "populist" and which the composer
labeled his "vernacular" style. Works in this vein
include the ballets Appalachian Spring, Billy The Kid and Rodeo,
his Fanfare for the Common Man and Third Symphony. In addition to
his ballets and orchestral works, he produced music in many other
genres, including chamber music, vocal works, opera and film
scores. After some initial studies with composer Rubin Goldmark,
Copland traveled to Paris, where he first studied with Isidor
Philipp and Paul Vidal, then with noted pedagogue Nadia Boulanger.
He studied three years with Boulanger, whose eclectic approach to
music inspired his own broad taste. Determined upon his return to
the U.S. to make his way as a full-time composer, Copland gave
lecture-recitals, wrote works on commission and did some teaching
and writing. He found composing orchestral music in the modernist
style he had adapted abroad a financially contradictory approach,
particularly in light of the Great Depression. He shifted in the
mid-1930s to a more accessible musical style which mirrored the
German idea of Gebrauchsmusik ("music for use"), music
that could serve utilitarian and artistic purposes. During the
Depression years, he traveled extensively to Europe, Africa, and
Mexico, formed an important friendship with Mexican composer
Carlos Chavez and began composing his signature works. During the
late 1940s, Copland became aware that Stravinsky and other fellow
composers had begun to study Arnold Schoenberg's use of
twelve-tone (serial) techniques. After he had been exposed to the
works of French composer Pierre Boulez, he incorporated serial
techniques into his Piano Quartet (1950), Piano Fantasy (1957),
Connotations for orchestra (1961) and Inscape for orchestra
(1967). Unlike Schoenberg, Copland used his tone rows in much the
same fashion as his tonal material-as sources for melodies and
harmonies, rather than as complete statements in their own right,
except for crucial events from a structural point of view. From
the 1960s onward, Copland's activities turned more from composing
to conducting. He became a frequent guest conductor of orchestras
in the U.S. and the UK and made a series of recordings of his
music, primarily for Columbia Records.
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Today's
EarthStation1.com #OnThisDay Commemorative Memorial Title:
Offshore Pirate Radio 1960s-1980s MP3s DVD, Audio Download, USB
Drive
Today, December 2, 2025December 2, 2006: #DOTD: #RIP: Mariska
Veres, Dutch singer and beauty, best known as the lead singer of
the rock group Shocking Blue (b. October 1, 1947) #dies aged 59 of
gallbladder cancer in The Hague, Netherlands at age 59, just three
weeks after the disease had been detected. Her remains were
cremated; the final disposition of her ashes is not publicly
disclosed. Born Maria Elisabeth Ender in The Hague to Hungarian
Romani violinist Lajos Veres (1912-1981) and German of French and
Russian parentage Maria Ender (1912-1986), Mariska Veres has been
described as being similar to a young Cher, and was known for her
sultry voice, eccentric performances, and her striking appearance
which featured eyes rimmed with kohl (an ancient dark eye cosmetic
widely used in the Middle East, Africa, the Mediterranean and
South Asia as an eyeliner and mascara), high cheekbones, and long
jet black hair, which was actually a wig.
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Today's
EarthStation1.com #OnThisDay Commemorative Memorial Title: Parrot
Sketch Not Included: The Very Best Of Monty Python DVD MP4 USB
Today, December 2, 2025December 2, 1940: #BOTD: #HBD! Connie
Booth, American-English actress, writer and psychotherapist is
#born in Indianapolis, Indiana, on December 2, 1940. Her father
was a Wall Street stockbroker and her mother was an actress.. She
has appeared in several British television programmes and films,
including her role as Polly Sherman on BBC2's Fawlty Towers, which
she co-wrote with her then-husband John Cleese. In 1995 she quit
acting and worked as a psychotherapist until her retirement. Booth
entered acting and worked as a Broadway understudy and waitress.
She met John Cleese while he was working in New York City; they
married on February 20, 1968. Booth secured parts in episodes of
Monty Python's Flying Circus (1969-74) and in the Python films And
Now for Something Completely Different (1971) and Monty Python and
the Holy Grail (1975, as a woman accused of being a witch). She
also appeared in How to Irritate People (1968), a pre-Monty Python
film starring Cleese and other future Monty Python members; a
short film titled Romance with a Double Bass (1974) which Cleese
adapted from a short story by Anton Chekhov; and The Strange Case
of the End of Civilization as We Know It (1977), Cleese's Sherlock
Holmes spoof, as Mrs. Hudson. Booth and Cleese co-wrote and
co-starred in Fawlty Towers (1975 and 1979), in which she played
waitress and chambermaid Polly. For thirty years Booth declined to
talk about the show until she agreed to participate in a
documentary about the series for the digital channel Gold in 2009.
Booth played various roles on British television, including Sophie
in Dickens of London (1976), Mrs. Errol in a BBC adaptation of
Little Lord Fauntleroy (1980) and Miss March in a dramatisation of
Edith Wharton's The Buccaneers (1995). She also starred in the
lead role of a drama called The Story of Ruth (1981), in which she
played the role of the schizophrenic daughter of an abusive
father. In 1994, she played a supporting role in "The Culex
Experiment", an episode of the children's science fiction TV
series The Tomorrow People. Booth also had a stage career,
primarily in the London theatre, appearing in 10 productions from
the mid-1970s through the mid-1990s, notably starring with John
Mills in the 1983-1984 West End production of Little Lies at
Wyndham's Theatre. Booth ended her acting career in 1995. After
studying for five years at the University of London, she began a
career as a psychotherapist, registered with the British
Psychoanalytic Council. In 1971, Booth and Cleese had a daughter,
Cynthia, who appeared alongside her father in the films A Fish
Called Wanda and Fierce Creatures. Booth and Cleese divorced in
1978. With Cleese, Booth wrote the scripts for and co-starred in
both series of Fawlty Towers, although the two were actually
divorced before the second series was finished and aired. Their
daughter Cynthia married screenwriter Ed Solomon in 1995. Booth
married John Lahr, author and former New Yorker senior drama
critic, in 2000. They live in North London.
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Today's
EarthStation1.com #OnThisDay Commemorative Memorial Title: Color
Adjustment 40 Years Of Black America On Broadcast TV DVD MP4 USB
Today, December 2, 2025December 2, 1995: #DOTD: #RIP: Roxie
Roker, African American actress, best known for playing Helen
Willis on the CBS sitcom The Jeffersons (1975-1985), half of the
first interracial couple ever to be shown on regular prime time
television, a role which paralleled her real life interracial
marriage to the NBC television news producer of Russian Jewish
ancestry Sy Kravitz (b. August 28, 1929) #dies in Los Angeles,
California of breast cancer, aged 66. She is buried at Southern
Memorial Park cemetary in North Miami, Florida. Roxie Roker was
born Roxie Albertha Roker in Miami, Florida. Roxie Roker was the
cousin of television weather presenter Al Roker, mother of rock
musician Lenny Kravitz and paternal grandmother of actress Zoe
Kravitz.
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Today's
EarthStation1.com #OnThisDay Commemorative Memorial Title: Eyes On
The Prize II: America At The Racial Crossroads DVD MP4 USB
Today, December 2, 2025December 2, 2008: #DOTD: #RIP: Odetta,
African American singer, songwriter, guitarist, actress and civil
rights activist, often referred to as "The Voice of the Civil
Rights Movement" (b. December 31, 1930) #dies of heart
disease in New York City on December 2, 2008, trying hard to hold
on to life long enough to perform at Barack Obama's inauguration
on January 20, 2009. Her remains were cremated, and her ashes were
scattered upon the Harlem Meer, a man-made lake at the northeast
corner of New York City's Central Park, at 108th Street and Fifth
Avenues. Odetta was born Odetta Holmes in Birmingham, Alabama. Her
musical repertoire consisted largely of American folk music,
blues, jazz, and spirituals. An important figure in the American
folk music revival of the 1950s and 1960s, she influenced many of
the key figures of the folk-revival of that time, including Bob
Dylan, Joan Baez, Mavis Staples, and Janis Joplin. Time magazine
included her recording of "Take This Hammer" on its list
of the 100 Greatest Popular Songs, stating that "Rosa Parks
was her No. 1 fan, and Martin Luther King Jr. called her the queen
of American folk music."
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