Today's
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Today, May 25, 2026
May 25, 2026: Last Monday Of May:
Memorial Day (Decoration Day, Prayer For Peace Memorial Day): -- A
federal holiday observed in the United States for remembering and
honoring people who have died while serving in the United States
Armed Forces. Memorial Day was observed on May 30 from 1868 to
1971. Memorial Day originated both as Decoration Day and Prayer
For Peace Memorial Day in the years following the Civil War.
Memorial Day is also considered the unofficial start of the summer
vacation season in the United States, while Labor Day marks its
end on the first Monday of September. Many people visit cemeteries
and memorials on Memorial Day, particularly to honor those who
died in military service. Many volunteers place an American flag
on each grave in national cemeteries. Two other days celebrate
those who serve or have served in the U.S. military: Veterans Day,
which celebrates the service of all U.S. military veterans; and
Armed Forces Day, a minor U.S. remembrance celebrated earlier in
May, specifically honoring those currently serving in the U.S.
military. #MemorialDay #WarDead #Heroes #USArmedForces
#Remembrances #SecularHolidays #NationalCemeteries
#FederalHolidaysInTheUnitedStates #FederalHolidaysInTheUS
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Today, May 25, 2026
May 25: National Wine Day: -- An annual
celebration for wine lovers everywhere to pour a glass of their
favorite wine to celebrate National Wine Day. Made from fermented
grapes or other fruits, wine is an alcoholic beverage. During the
fermentation processes, yeast consumes the sugars in the grapes
converting it into alcohol. Different grapes produce different
wines. Winemakers will combine different wines to create more
complex flavors. Wines made from fruit or honey are often named
according to the variety of fruit used. Red wine varietals produce
deep ruby reds as well as subtle ambers and browns. Their
beautiful colors hint at the coming change in the season. With
that, we can look for delicious menu changes, too. Besides, what
better way to enjoy a great bottle of wine than by pairing it with
excellent company and food. Winemakers produce white wines from
grapes with light yellow-green skins or light red skins. However,
it's not the color of the grapes that give the wine its color.
It's the tannins in the grape skins that color wine red and also
the flavor. White wines are generally sweeter than red wines and
are best served chilled. Most red wines are served at room
temperature. However, a sweet red should also be chilled for the
best flavor. To observe #NationalWineDay: Reminisce with family
and friends over a glass of wine; Enjoy wine with a favorite meal;
Pick up an extra bottle to prepare; and Post photos using
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Today, May 25, 2026
May 25: National Missing Children's Day:
-- Commemorated to remember missing children and spread the word
about child abduction. All around the country, various
organizations organize events to spread the word about the safety
of children. The day serves as a reminder to strengthen our
efforts to try to reunite the children who are missing with their
families and honor all those who are working for the cause.
National Missing Children's Day was proclaimed by President Ronald
Reagan in 1983 to acknowledge the many children who go missing
each and every year. From 1979 to 1981, a series of child
abductions shook America. And it began with the disappearance of
6-year-old Etan Patz in New York City, on May 25, 1979, while he
was on his way to school from the bus. Etan was unfortunately
never found but the accused, Pedro Hernandez, received a prison
sentence in 2017. National Missing Children's Day is observed to
commemorate the date of the disappearance of Etan Patz and honor
all other missing children. During the time of Etan's
disappearance, child abduction gained almost no attention from the
national media. Yet, Etan's case stirred up an uproar and received
a lot of coverage. And, as a result, there was a huge search and
increase in the attention of the public on child abductions and
the lack of proper plans to address the issue. This finally led to
the Missing and Exploited Children's Movement. The U.S. Department
of Justice commemorates National Missing Children's Day every year
with a ceremony to honor the heroic efforts of all those
organizations, agencies, and people who work towards the
protection of children. The National Center for Missing and
Exploited Children (NCMEC) holds events on the day to spread
awareness among the public about the threat of child abduction,
ways to keep children safe, and supporting the victimized
families. The center also started the "Take 25"
initiative that encourages people to take 25 minutes and talk to
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Today, May 25, 2026
May 25: National Brown-Bag It Day: --
This day is an ode to the unsung hero in our lives that gives us
so many benefits. Brown bags have been popularly used in grocery
stores and to pack and carry lunches to school or work. They're
great as they not only help us save some money that we would have
otherwise spent on buying lunch but also encourage us to pack
home-cooked meals and stay healthy. They truly deserve a day
dedicated to them. National Brown-Bag It Day is a fairly recent
celebration and has been observed for less than a decade. It's not
known who established this day. Brown paper bags have been part of
our daily lives for many years. Knowingly or unknowingly, we use
them almost everywhere for packing lunches, carrying groceries, or
even making Halloween masks, and much more. However, they did have
to be invented at some point for them to have made an entry and
improvement on our lives. The invention of the brown paper bag has
been attributed to many innovators such as Francis Wolle, Margaret
Knight, and Walter Deubener. These people endeavored to make it
the best version of itself, be it through adapting the design,
functionality, or pricing. Thanks to their efforts, we now have a
timeless product that is widely used across the country and world.
People have been brown-bagging their lunches to school or work for
a while now. However, the trend seems to have slowed down with
people's ever-increasing hectic schedules. In fact, between 2012
and 2013, Americans spent a whopping $1,000 on lunch each year.
Now, imagine if you'd just brown-bagged your lunch. It would save
you quite a lot of money and even help you eat healthy as you can
control the portions of the food you pack. National Brown-Bag It
Day is the perfect occasion to bring brown bags back in style and
encourage people to start using them more often. You definitely
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Today, May 25, 2026
May 25: Geek Pride Day: -- This
international holiday promotes the culture, hobbies, and interests
of geeks worldwide. Once a niche movement, geek culture has gone
mainstream, thanks to its contribution to popular culture. In
recent years, the world has seen increased media based on comic
books, novels, role-playing games, tabletop games, video games,
and even trading card games. Obscure things like cosplaying are
now part of everyday life. These things were seen as childish and
sometimes downright shameful in the past, but not anymore. Geek
culture has broken away from the old stereotypes of socially
awkward tech nerds and evolved into something relatable. Before
superhero movies and television shows based on fantasy novels,
being called a geek wasn't a good thing. Geeks were seen as
anti-social, awkward, unpopular members of society who took
comfort in the world of make-believe. Popular culture enforced
this notion throughout the 80s and 90s, with teen movies depicting
geeks as the lowest ranking members of the student body. The image
of a pimply bespectacled nerd in a dress shirt and pants is still
fresh in the minds of many. It's now considered normal, even
fashionable, to be a geek. Silicon Valley played a significant
role in the world embracing geeks and geek culture in the early
and mid-2000s. With their charismatic rockstar personalities,
people like Steve Jobs showed everyone that not all geeks fit the
Hollywood stereotype. Larry Page and Sergey Brin proved being a
geek could be a successful and financially rewarding venture, as
did Mark Zuckerberg and Bill Gates. Slowly but surely, geeks
became celebrities, people worthy of emulating and idolizing.
Modern-day geeks like Elon Musk and Jeff Bezos embody this geek
culture best of all. They are the poster boys of geeks everywhere,
inspiring admiration and envy in equal measures. The first Geek
Pride Day was organized in 2006 by German Martinez, a Spanish
blogger. The internet and media attention helped the holiday grow.
In 2008, the U.S. began celebrating Geek Pride Day. The holiday
celebrates the evolution and growth of geek culture worldwide,
embracing the hobbies and interests geeks hold dear. From anime
and manga to building gaming PCs and painting figurines, geek
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Today, May 25, 2026
May 25: National Sing Out Day: -- Today
we're prepping our vocal cords to celebrate this super fun
holiday! It doesn't matter whether you're a professional, just a
shower singer, or a pro at karaoke, this day is for everyone to
sing loudly and let it all out. Pretend the world is your audience
and put on a musical show for them. Most importantly, remember to
just have fun! Steven Mithen claims in his book "The Singing
Neanderthals" that humans actually started singing during the
Neanderthal stage of evolution. The oldest known account of
singing dates back to approximately the third millennium B.C.
while the first-ever recorded song was recorded by a French
printer and bookseller Edouard-Leon Scott de Martinville in 1860.
He is also known to have invented the phonautograph in 1857, the
earliest known device for recording sound. The world has been
blessed by fantastic singers over the years such as Elvis Presley
who was dubbed as the King of Rock and Roll. He was in fact the
highest-selling solo artist in history, surpassing sales of
approximately 600 million units. He's a cultural icon and a highly
influential singer. We also have Michael Jackson who was dubbed as
the King of Pop. His one album, "Thriller," sold more
than 65 million copies globally. These cultural icons amongst
others have inspired many people across the world to sing their
hearts out, either just as a hobby or as a professional career.
Singing has so many benefits. It's actually a natural
antidepressant and can help you destress and uplift your mood.
Singing improves your confidence and gives some exercise to those
vocal folds. National Sing Out Day is celebrated every year on May
25 but the origins of this unofficial holiday remain unknown.
However, that should not deter anybody from celebrating it with
gusto. It doesn't matter where and how you're singing, as long as
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Today, May 25, 2026
May 25: National Tap Dance Day: -- An
annual tribute to one of America's original dancing art forms. Tap
dance is a percussive dance dating back to the early 1800s, with a
combination of primarily influences of African and Irish heritage.
Incorporating complex rhythmic step combinations, tap dance
performers often expressed enormous amounts of character through
sound and body movement. From clogging to buck and wing styles,
soft-shoe to the sand step, and a little bit of jazz, tap dancing
evolved from a stiff Irish jig to the bodily Cakewalk and vocal
Ring-shout. Famous Tap Dancers include: Bill "Bojangles"
Robinson; Clayton "Peg Leg" Bates, Fred Astaire; Ginger
Rogers; Sammy Davis, Jr.; Tommy Tune; Gregory Hines. Each of these
performers added their own flair to a dance style that continues
to influence film, music and stage. Another dance similar to tap
dance is called soft-shoe. While still rhythmic, the sound is
muffled since tap shoes are not necessary to perform the steps.
Many of the dance steps in tap transfer to soft-shoe making the
two very compatible. To observe #NationalTapDanceDay, get your
toes tapping and share your favorite tap dance experiences! There
are so many ways to celebrate your appreciation of this
entertaining art form: Give a shoutout to your favorite tap
dancer; Attend a performance. Tap dance is included in theatre
productions, recitals, and spur-of-the-moment events; Perform! Put
your tap shoes on and show off your talent. Create a video and
share it on social media; Take a class. Tap dance offers great
exercise and creates an opportunity to share experiences with
others; Teach someone. Share your tapping talent with others who
want to learn; Read about tap dance in such books as Beginning Tap
Dance by Lisa Lewism Tap Roots: The Early History of Tap Dancing
by Mark A. Knowles, and The Souls of Your Feet: A Tap Dance Guide
for Rhythm Explorers by Acia Gray; Watch movies that include tap
dancing, such as Tap starring Gregory Hines; The Cotton Club also
starring Gregory Hines; Swing Time starring Fred Astaire and
Ginger Rogers; Sammy Davis, Jr.; Tommy Tune; and La La Land
starring Ryan Gosling and Emma Stone; And #NationalTapDanceDay to
post on social media. On February 7, 1989, Congress reviewed a
request for National Tap Dance Day. Carol Vaughn, Nicola Daval and
Linda Christensen, all tap dancers and enthusiasts, brainstormed
the idea for legislation while Christensen attended George
Washington University. The bill came to fruition when President
George H.W. Busch signed it into law on November 8, 1989. The law
created a one-time official observance on May 25, 1989, the
anniversary of Bill "Bojangles" Robinson, a significant
contributor to tap dance born in 1878. The observance has
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Today, May 25, 2026
May 25, 1878: National Tap Dance Day:
#BOTD: #HBD! Bill Robinson, nicknamed Bojangles, African American
tap dancer, actor, and singer, the best known and the most highly
paid African American entertainer in the United States during the
first half of the 20th century (d, November 25, 1949) is #born
Luther Robinson in Richmond, Virginia. In 1989, Congress
designated Robinson's birthday of May 25 as National Tap Dance
Day. His long career mirrored changes in American entertainment
tastes and technology. His career began in the age of minstrel
shows and moved to vaudeville, Broadway theatre, the recording
industry, Hollywood films, radio, and television. According to
dance critic Marshall Stearns, "Robinson's contribution to
tap dance is exact and specific. He brought it up on its toes,
dancing upright and swinging," adding a "hitherto-unknown
lightness and presence." His signature routine was the Stair
Dance, in which he would tap up and down a set of stairs in a
rhythmically complex sequence of steps, a routine that he
unsuccessfully attempted to patent. He is also credited with
having popularized the word copacetic through his repeated use of
it in vaudeville and radio appearances. He is best known today for
his dancing with Shirley Temple in a series of films during the
1930s, and for starring in the musical Stormy Weather (1943),
loosely based on his own life and selected for preservation in the
National Film Registry. He used his popularity to challenge and
overcome numerous racial barriers. Robinson was one of the first
minstrel and vaudeville performers to appear as Black without the
use of blackface makeup, as well as one of the earliest Black
performers to perform solo, overcoming vaudeville's two-colored
rule. Additionally, he was an early Black headliner in Broadway
shows. Robinson was the first Black performer to appear in a
Hollywood film in an interracial dance team (with Shirley Temple
in The Little Colonel, 1935), and the first Black performer to
headline a mixed-race Broadway production. Robinson came under
heavy criticism for his apparent tacit acceptance of racial
stereotypes of the era, with some critics calling him an Uncle
Tom. He strongly resented this, and his biographers suggested that
critics were underestimating the difficulties faced by Black
performers engaging with mainstream White culture at the time, and
ignoring his many efforts to overcome racial prejudice. In his
public life, Robinson led efforts to persuade the Dallas Police
Department to hire its first Black policeman; lobby President
Franklin Delano Roosevelt during World War II for more equal
treatment of Black soldiers; and stage the first integrated public
event in Miami, a fundraiser which was attended by both Black and
White city residents. Robinson was a popular figure in both the
Black and White entertainment worlds of his era, and is remembered
for the support that he gave to fellow performers, including Fred
Astaire, Eleanor Powell, Lena Horne, Jesse Owens and the Nicholas
Brothers. Sammy Davis Jr. and Ann Miller credited him as a teacher
and mentor, Miller saying that he "changed the course of my
life." Gregory Hines produced and starred in a biographical
movie about Robinson for which he won the NAACP Best Actor Award.
Despite being the highest-paid Black performer of the time,
Robinson died penniless in 1949, his funeral paid for by longtime
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Today, May 25, 2026
May 25: African Liberation Day (Africa
Day): -- An annual celebration of African sovereign rule,
independence, and African identity. African states founded the
Organization of African Unity and sought collaboration and
co-existence with neighboring countries that had also recently
driven away their colonizers. Countries from all over the
continent hold this day in high regard as it speaks to their past,
present, and future as nations. African Liberation Day belongs to
Africans of all creeds and classes for they are one nation.
African Liberation Day was first celebrated in Accra, the capital
of Ghana, in 1958. In its first year, only eight African nations
were independent and able to participate. This led to the first
independent African states banding together as neighbors and
allies, with the convening of the Congress of Independent African
States. Africa was soon quite rapidly "decolonized" by
western powers leaving the continent, some by force and others
more voluntarily. The purpose of the celebration and the day
itself was to hold a candle to the damage that colonialism had
done to Africa and African unity as a whole. It was an attempt to
rebuild that sense of continental identity and unity. Remember,
there were no borders, or maps of African territories before
colonizers arrived and arbitrarily divided up the land. African
Liberation Day, therefore, shoots down all borders between
Africans and says, "your home is now free and it is yours."
Year after year since 1958, more African countries joined the
celebrations. Today, they number 54 in total. African Liberation
Day was and still is an important political movement for Africans
who remain severely burdened by colonialism's impact even after
decades of independence. Over time, the Congress of Independent
African States evolved into the Organization of African Unity, and
then more recently in 2002, it evolved even further into the
African Union. Africa has undergone countless significant
conflicts, and peaceful political intervention through
collaboration has always been at the heart of African policy. On
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Today, May 25, 2026
May 25, 1521: Religion: The History Of
Religion: Abrahamic Religions: Christianity: Protestantism: The
Reformation (The Protestant Reformation, The European
Reformation): The Diet Of Worms Of 1521: -- The trial of Martin
Luther over his teachings ends when Charles V, Holy Roman Emperor,
issues the Edict of Worms, declaring Martin Luther an outlaw.
After initially being intimidated on the first day of the trial,
he asked for time to reflect before answering, and was given a
stay of one day; when he returned for the second day of the trial,
he refused to recant his teachings, despite the risk of
excommunication. The Diet Of Worms Of 1521 (German: Reichstag Zu
Worms, "Parliament Of Worms") was an imperial diet (a
formal deliberative assembly) of the Holy Roman Empire (modern
Germany) called by Emperor Charles V and conducted in the Imperial
Free City of Worms. Martin Luther was summoned to the Diet in
order to renounce or reaffirm his views in response to a Papal
bull of Pope Leo X. In answer to questioning, he defended these
views and refused to recant them. At the end of the Diet, the
Emperor issued the Edict Of Worms (Wormser Edikt), a decree which
condemned Luther as "a notorious heretic" and banned
citizens of the Empire from propagating his ideas. Although the
Protestant Reformation is usually considered to have begun in
1517, the edict signals the first overt schism. The diet was
conducted from January 28 to May 25, 1521 at the Heylshof Garden,
with the Emperor presiding. Other imperial diets had taken place
at Worms in the years 829, 926, 1076, 1122, 1495, and 1545, but
unless plainly qualified, the term "Diet Of Worms"
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Today, May 25, 2026
May 25, 1660: The European Wars Of
Religion: The Wars Of The Three Kingdoms (The British Civil Wars):
The English Civil War: The First English Civil War: The Rump
Parliament: The High Court of Justice (1649): The Execution of
Charles I: The Second English Civil War: The Interregnum: (The
Interregnum [England], The British Interregnum): The Commonwealth
Of England: The Restoration (The Stuart Restoration): -- The
Restoration Of The Stuart Monarchy in The Kingdoms Of England,
Scotland And Ireland occurs when King Charles II returns from
exile in The Hague, South Holland, The Netherlands and lands at
the port of Dover in Kent, South East England. at the invitation
of the Convention Parliament (England), marking the end of the
Cromwell-proclaimed Commonwealth of England, Scotland and Ireland,
as well as era of The Protectorate and The Wars Of The Three
Kingdoms (The British Civil Wars) known as the Interregnum
(January 30, 1649 - May 29, 1660). The term Restoration is also
used to describe the period of several years after, in which a new
political settlement was established. It is very often used to
cover the whole reign of King Charles II (1660-1685) and often the
brief reign of his younger brother King James II (1685-1688). In
certain contexts it may be used to cover the whole period of the
later Stuart monarchs as far as the death of Queen Anne and the
accession of the Hanoverian king George I in 1714. For example,
Restoration comedy typically encompasses works written as late as
1710. Charles II (May 29, 1630 - February 6, 1685) was king of
England, Scotland and Ireland. He was king of Scotland from 1649
until his deposition in 1651, and king of England, Scotland and
Ireland from the restoration of the monarchy in 1660 until his
death. Charles II's father, Charles I, was executed at Whitehall
on January 30, 1649, at the climax of the English Civil War.
Although the Parliament of Scotland proclaimed Charles II king on
February 5, 1649, England entered the period known as the English
Interregnum or the English Commonwealth, and the country was a de
facto republic, led by Oliver Cromwell. Cromwell defeated Charles
II at the Battle of Worcester on 3 September 1651, and Charles
fled to mainland Europe. Cromwell became virtual dictator of
England, Scotland and Ireland. Charles spent the next nine years
in exile in France, the Dutch Republic and the Spanish
Netherlands. A political crisis that followed the death of
Cromwell in 1658 resulted in the restoration of the monarchy, and
Charles was invited to return to Britain. On 29 May 1660, his 30th
birthday, he was received in London to public acclaim. After 1660,
all legal documents were dated as if he had succeeded his father
as king in 1649. Charles's English parliament enacted laws known
as the Clarendon Code, designed to shore up the position of the
re-established Church of England. Charles acquiesced to the
Clarendon Code even though he favoured a policy of religious
tolerance. The major foreign policy issue of his early reign was
the Second Anglo-Dutch War. In 1670, he entered into the Treaty of
Dover, an alliance with his first cousin King Louis XIV Of France.
Louis agreed to aid him in the Third Anglo-Dutch War and pay him a
pension, and Charles secretly promised to convert to Catholicism
at an unspecified future date. Charles attempted to introduce
religious freedom for Catholics and Protestant dissenters with his
1672 Royal Declaration of Indulgence, but the English Parliament
forced him to withdraw it. In 1679, Titus Oates's revelations of a
supposed "Popish Plot" sparked the Exclusion Crisis when
it was revealed that Charles's brother and heir (James, Duke of
York) was a Catholic. The crisis saw the birth of the
pro-exclusion Whig and anti-exclusion Tory parties. Charles sided
with the Tories, and, following the discovery of the Rye House
Plot to murder Charles and James in 1683, some Whig leaders were
executed or forced into exile. Charles dissolved the English
Parliament in 1681, and ruled alone until his death on February 6,
1685. He was received into the Catholic Church on his deathbed.
Charles was one of the most popular and beloved kings of England,
known as the Merry Monarch, in reference to both the liveliness
and hedonism of his court and the general relief at the return to
normality after over a decade of rule by Cromwell and the
Puritans. Charles's wife, Catherine of Braganza, bore no live
children, but Charles acknowledged at least twelve illegitimate
children by various mistresses. He was succeeded by his brother
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Today, May 25, 2026
May 25, 1787: The United States: The
History Of The United States: The Constitution Of The United
States: The Constitutional Convention (The Philadelphia
Convention, The Federal Convention, The Grand Convention At
Philadelphia): -- After a delay of 11 days, the United States
Constitutional Convention formally convenes in Philadelphia after
a quorum of seven states is secured. On May 14, 1787, George
Washington presided as delegates initially convened the
Constitutional Convention, also known as the Philadelphia
Convention, the Federal Convention, or the Grand Convention at
Philadelphia, to write a new Constitution for the United States.
On September 17, 1787, The United States Constitution was signed
in Philadelphia during at the conclusion of the convention. On
February 21, 1787, the Confederation Congress called a convention
of state delegates at Philadelphia to propose a plan of
government. On the appointed day, May 14, 1787, only the Virginia
and Pennsylvania delegations were present, and so the convention's
opening meeting was postponed for lack of a quorum. A quorum of
seven states met and deliberations began on May 25. Eventually
twelve states were represented; 74 delegates were named, 55
attended and 39 signed. The final document, engrossed with estern
calligraphy by Jacob Shallus, was taken up on Monday, September
17, at the Convention's final session. Several of the delegates
were disappointed in the result, a makeshift series of unfortunate
compromises. Some delegates left before the ceremony, and three
others refused to sign. Of the thirty-nine signers, Benjamin
Franklin summed up, addressing the Convention: "There are
several parts of this Constitution which I do not at present
approve, but I am not sure I shall never approve them." He
would accept the Constitution, "because I expect no better
and because I am not sure that it is not the best". The
advocates of the Constitution were anxious to obtain unanimous
support of all twelve states represented in the Convention. Their
accepted formula for the closing endorsement was "Done in
Convention, by the unanimous consent of the States present."
At the end of the convention, the proposal was agreed to by eleven
state delegations and the lone remaining delegate from New York,
Alexander Hamilton. The United States Constitution is the supreme
law of the United States. The Constitution, originally comprising
seven articles, delineates the national frame of government. Its
first three articles embody the doctrine of the separation of
powers, whereby the federal government is divided into three
branches: the legislative, consisting of the bicameral Congress;
the executive, consisting of the President; and the judicial,
consisting of the Supreme Court and other federal courts. Articles
Four, Five and Six embody concepts of federalism, describing the
rights and responsibilities of state governments and of the states
in relationship to the federal government. Article Seven
establishes the procedure subsequently used by the thirteen States
to ratify it. It is regarded as the oldest written and codified
national constitution in force of the world. Since the
Constitution came into force in 1789, it has been amended 27
times, including an amendment (the Twenty-first) to repeal a
previous one (the Eighteenth, that established the prohibition of
alcoholic beverages), in order to meet the changing needs of a
nation that has profoundly changed since the eighteenth century.
In general, the first ten amendments, known collectively as the
Bill Of Rights, offer specific protections of individual liberty
and justice and place restrictions on the powers of government.
The majority of the seventeen later amendments expand individual
civil rights protections. Others address issues related to federal
authority or modify government processes and procedures.
Amendments to the United States Constitution, unlike ones made to
many constitutions worldwide, are appended to the document. All
four pages of the original U.S. Constitution are written on
parchment. According to the United States Senate: "The
Constitution's first three words - We the People - affirm that the
government of the United States exists to serve its citizens. For
over two centuries the Constitution has remained in force because
its framers wisely separated and balanced governmental powers to
safeguard the interests of majority rule and minority rights, of
liberty and equality, and of the federal and state governments."
The first permanent constitution of its kind, adopted by the
people's representatives for an expansive nation, it is
interpreted, supplemented, and implemented by a large body of
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Today, May 25, 2026
May 25, 1803: #BOTD: #HBD! Ralph Waldo
Emerson, who went by his middle name Waldo, American essayist,
lecturer, philosopher, minister, abolitionist, and poet who led
the Transcendentalist movement of the mid-19th century (d. April
27, 1882) is #born in Boston, Massachusetts to Ruth Haskins and
the Rev. William Emerson, one of Boston's leading citizens, a
liberal-minded Unitarian minister, pastor to Boston's First Church
and founder of its Philosophical Society, Anthology Club, and
Boston Athenaeum, one of the oldest independent libraries in the
United States. Ralph Waldo Emerson was seen as a champion of
individualism and critical thinking, as well as a prescient critic
of the countervailing pressures of society and conformity. The
German philosopher Friedrich Nietzsche thought he was "the
most gifted of the Americans", and Walt Whitman called
Emerson his "master". Emerson gradually moved away from
the religious and social beliefs of his contemporaries,
formulating and expressing the philosophy of Transcendentalism in
his 1836 essay, Nature. His speech "The American Scholar",
given in 1837, was called America's "intellectual Declaration
of Independence" by Oliver Wendell Holmes Sr. Emerson wrote
most of his important essays as lectures, and then revised them
for print. His first two collections of essays, Essays: First
Series (1841) and Essays: Second Series (1844), represent the core
of his thinking. They include the well-known essays
"Self-Reliance", "The Over-Soul", "Circles",
"The Poet", and "Experience". Together with
"Nature", these essays made the mid-1830s to the
mid-1840s Emerson's most fertile period. Emerson wrote on a number
of subjects, never espousing fixed philosophical tenets. He
instead developed ideas such as individuality, freedom, the
ability for mankind to achieve almost anything, and the
relationship between the soul and the surrounding world. Emerson's
conception of "nature" was more philosophical than
naturalistic: "Philosophically considered, the universe is
composed of Nature and the Soul." He was one of several major
figures who "took a more pantheist or pandeist approach, by
rejecting views of God as separate from the world". Emerson
remains among the linchpins of the American romantic movement, and
his work has greatly influenced the thinkers, writers, and poets
that followed him. "In all my lectures," he wrote, "I
have taught one doctrine, namely, the infinitude of the private
man." Emerson is also well-known as a mentor and close friend
of his fellow Transcendentalist Henry David Thoreau. Ralph Waldo
Emerson died of pneumonia aged 78 in Concord, Massachusetts. He is
buried on Author's Ridge in Sleepy Hollow Cemetery in Concord,
Massachusetts. He was survived by his wife Lidian Jackson Emerson,
who outlived her husband by more than ten years, and was buried
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Today, May 25, 2026
(#JCKaelin here: All this nonsense about
"it was a dark and stormy night" supposedly being the
worst opening sentence of the worst of all novels is just that --
sheer nonsense, and I'll do whatever I can do to popularize this
shouldn-have-to-point-this-out fact. Always remember that just
because people say something is so doesn't make it so -- and the
next time you use, let alone hear, the phrases "the great
unwashed", "pursuit of the almighty dollar", "the
pen is mightier than the sword" and "dweller on the
threshold", remember it came from the pen of this great and
good man. :) .) ========= May 25, 1803: #BOTD: #HBD! Edward
Bulwer-Lytton, English novelist, poet, playwright, and politician,
Secretary Of State for the Colonies (d. January 18, 1873) is #born
Edward George Earle Lytton Bulwer in London, England to General
William Earle Bulwer of Heydon Hall and Wood Dalling, Norfolk and
Elizabeth Barbara Lytton, daughter of Richard Warburton Lytton of
Knebworth House, Hertfordshire. Edward George Earle Lytton
Bulwer-Lytton, 1st Baron Lytton, PC was immensely popular with the
reading public and wrote a stream of bestselling novels which
earned him a considerable fortune. He coined the phrases "the
great unwashed", "pursuit of the almighty dollar",
"the pen is mightier than the sword", "dweller on
the threshold", and the well-known and much-parodied opening
line "It was a dark and stormy night". When King Otto of
Greece abdicated in 1862, Bulwer-Lytton was offered the crown of
Greece, which he declined. The English Rosicrucian society,
founded in 1867 by Robert Wentworth Little, claimed Bulwer-Lytton
as their 'Grand Patron', but he wrote to the society complaining
that he was 'extremely surprised' by their use of the title, as he
had 'never sanctioned such'. Nevertheless, a number of esoteric
groups have continued to claim Bulwer-Lytton as their own, chiefly
because some of his writings, such as the 1842 book Zanoni, have
included Rosicrucian and other esoteric notions, and because then
as now it was common for writers of esoteric lore to deny their
personal involvement in the subject. Lord Bulwer-Lytton's literary
works inspired more than one distinguished occultist in his
career. From the 1830's to 1880's, his works were read by several
generations of aspiring occultists. The most famous of these among
modern occultists was S. L. MacGregor Mathers, who is primarily
known as one of the founders of the Hermetic Order of the Golden
Dawn, a ceremonial magic order of which offshoots still exist
today, whose reading of Lytton's Zanoni sparked his career in
esoteric and occult literature, and resulted in his being
nicknamed "Zan". Edward Bulwer-Lytton died at 2 am in
Torquay, England just short of his 70th birthday after enduring an
intense pain for a week from a burst abscess in his ear that
formeda fter an operation to cure deafness. Bulwer-Lytton had long
suffered from a disease of the ear, and for the last two or three
years of his life lived in Torquay nursing his health. What
precisely caused his death is unclear, but it is thought the
infection had affected his brain and caused a fit. After his
death, Bulwer-Lytton suffered a decline in reputation and today,
despite his other still-popular quotes previously mentioned, he is
unjustly best known for the "dark and stormy night" line
and the Bulwer-Lytton Fiction Contest, to determine the "opening
sentence of the worst of all possible novels.". Nevertheless,
Bulwer-Lytton was honoured with a burial in Westminster Abbey,
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Today, May 25, 2026
May 25, 1879: #BOTD: #HBD! Max Aitken,
1st Baron Beaverbrook, generally known as Lord Beaverbrook,
Canadian-British newspaper publisher and backstage politician who
was an influential figure in British media and politics of the
first half of the 20th century (d. June 9, 1964) is #born William
Maxwell Aitken in Maple, Ontario, Canada. His base of power was
the largest circulation newspaper in the world, the Daily Express,
which appealed to the conservative working class with intensely
patriotic news and editorials. During the Second World War, he
played a major role in mobilising industrial resources as Winston
Churchill's Minister of Aircraft Production. The young Max Aitken
had a gift for making money and was a millionaire by 30. His
business ambitions quickly exceeded opportunities in Canada and he
moved to Britain. There he befriended Bonar Law and with his
support won a seat in the House of Commons at the December 1910
United Kingdom general election. A knighthood followed shortly
after. During the First World War he ran the Canadian Records
office in London, and played a role in the removal of H. H.
Asquith as prime minister in 1916. The resulting coalition
government (with David Lloyd George as prime minister and Bonar
Law as Chancellor of the Exchequer) rewarded Aitken with a peerage
and, briefly, a Cabinet post as Minister of Information. After the
war, the now Lord Beaverbrook concentrated on his business
interests. He built the Daily Express into the most successful
mass-circulation newspaper in the world, with sales of 2.25
million copies a day across Britain. He used it to pursue personal
campaigns, most notably for tariff reform and for the British
Empire to become a free trade bloc. Beaverbrook supported the
governments of Stanley Baldwin and Neville Chamberlain throughout
the 1930s and was persuaded by another long-standing political
friend, Winston Churchill, to serve as his Minister of Aircraft
Production from May 1940. Churchill later praised his "vital
and vibrant energy". He resigned due to ill-health in 1941
but later in the war was appointed Lord Privy Seal. Beaverbrook
spent his later life running his newspapers, which by then
included the Evening Standard and the Sunday Express. He served as
Chancellor of the University of New Brunswick and developed a
reputation as a historian with his books on political and military
history. Lord Beaverbrook died in Leatherhead, Surrey, England,
aged 85. He had recently attended a birthday banquet organised by
fellow Canadian press baron, Lord Thomson of Fleet, where he was
determined to be seen on his usual good form, despite suffering
from cancer. His remains were cremated, and his ashes are placed
in the pedastal of a bust of him by Oscar Nemon stands in the park
in the town square of Newcastle, New Brunswick, not far from where
he sold newspapers as a young boy. The Beaverbrook Foundation
continues his philanthropic interests. In 1957, a bronze statue of
Lord Beaverbrook was erected at the centre of Officers' Square in
Fredericton, New Brunswick, paid for by money raised by children
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Today, May 25, 2026
May 25, 1889: #BOTD: #HBD! Igor Sikorsky,
Ukrainian-American engineer and academic, aviation pioneer in both
helicopters and fixed-wing aircraft, founder of Sikorsky Aircraft
(d. October 26, 1972) is #born Igor Ivanovich Sikorsk in Kiev,
Russian Empire (now Kyiv, Ukraine). He began designing and
constructing airplanes as a young man in Russia at the dawn of the
age of flight After immigrating to the United States in 1919
following the Bolshevik Revolution, Sikorsky founded the Sikorsky
Aircraft Corporation in 1923, and developed the first of Pan
American Airways ocean-conquering flying boats in the 1930s. In
1939, Sikorsky designed and flew the Vought-Sikorsky VS-300, the
first viable American helicopter, which pioneered the rotor
configuration used by most helicopters today. Sikorsky modified
the design into the Sikorsky R-4, which became the world's first
mass-produced helicopter in 1942. Igor Sikorsky died at his home
in Easton, Connecticut, and is buried in Saint John the Baptist
Russian Orthodox Cemetery located on Nichols Avenue in Stratford.
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Today, May 25, 2026
May 25, 1895: Sexuality: Homosexuality:
Sodomy (Buggery): Libel: Criminal Libel: Defamatory Libel: The
Trials Of Oscar Wilde: Wilde v Queensberry: -- Irish author, poet
and playwright Oscar Wilde (October 16, 1854 - November 30, 1900)
is convicted of "committing acts of gross indecency with
other male persons" and sentenced to serve two years in
prison. On April 3, 1895: The trial was brought by Wilde as a
libel case brought against John Douglas, 9th Marquess of
Queensberry (July 20, 1844 - January 31, 1900) for criminal libel
on charges of homosexuality. The Marquess was the father of
Wilde's lover, English poet and journalist Lord Alfred Douglas
(October 22, 1870 - March 20, 1945). John Sholto Douglas, Marquess
of Queensberry was a British nobleman remembered for his atheism,
his outspoken views, his brutish manner, and for lending his name
to the "Queensberry Rules" that form the basis of modern
boxing, in addition to his role in the downfall of Oscar Wilde.
The libel trial unearthed evidence about Wilde's homosexuality
that caused Wilde to drop his charges and led to his own arrest
and trial for gross indecency with men. After two more trials he
was convicted and sentenced to two years' hard labour, the maximum
penalty, and was jailed from 1895 to 1897. During his last year in
prison, he wrote De Profundis (published posthumously in 1905), a
long letter which discusses his spiritual journey through his
trials, forming a dark counterpoint to his earlier philosophy of
pleasure. On his release, he left immediately for France, never to
return to Ireland or Britain. There he wrote his last work, The
Ballad Of Reading Gaol (1898), a long poem commemorating the harsh
rhythms of prison life. Wilde's lover Lord Douglas, who coined the
phrase phrase "The love that dare not speak its name",
would himself be jailed for libelling Winston Churchill over
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Today, May 25, 2026
May 25, 1897: #BOTD: #HBD! Gene Tunney,
soldier, American professional boxer who competed from 1915 to
1928 and , world heavyweight champioi from 1926 to 1928, and
American light heavyweight title twice between 1922 and 1923 (d.
November 7, 1978) is #born James Joseph Tunney to an Irish
immigrant family in New York City. At an early age, Gene Tunney
was inspired by President Theodore Roosevelt to become physically
fit. A highly technical boxer, Tunney had a five-fight light
heavyweight rivalry with Harry Greb in which he won three, drew
once, and lost once. He also knocked out Georges Carpentier and
defeated Jack Dempsey twice; first in 1926 and again in 1927.
Tunney's successful title defense against Dempsey remains one of
the most famous bouts in boxing history and is known as The Long
Count Fight. He retired undefeated as a heavyweight after his
victory over Tom Heeney in 1928. At an early age, Tunney was
inspired by President Theodore Roosevelt to become physically fit.
Tunney fought some 68 official professional fights, losing only
one, to Harry Greb, while fighting as a light heavyweight. Tunney
fought many other fights whose scoring was unofficial, judged by
newspaper reporters. He also lost none of these "newspaper
decisions." He reported that he lost a second fight during
World War I, a 10-round decision, to Tommy Loughran, as a Marine
before he began his professional boxing career. Tunney was
regarded as an extremely skillful boxer who excelled in defense.
In addition to beating Dempsey, the most famous fighter of his
era, Tunney defeated Tommy Gibbons, Georges Carpentier and many
other fine boxers. Already the U.S. Expeditionary Forces champion,
Tunney spent the winter of 1921 as a lumberjack in northern
Ontario for the J. R. Booth Company of Ottawa, without revealing
he was a champion boxer. He explained this as "wanting the
solitude and the strenuous labors of the woods to help condition
himself for the career that appeared before him." Tunney also
had a brief acting career, starring in the movie The Fighting
Marine in 1926. Unfortunately, no prints of this film are known to
exist. He was elected as Ring Magazine's first-ever Fighter of the
Year in 1928 after his victory over Tom Heeney, and later elected
to the World Boxing Hall of Fame in 1980, the International Boxing
Hall of Fame in 1990 and the United States Marine Corps Sports
Hall of Fame in 2001. Tunney enlisted the Marine Corps during
World War I and served as Private with 11th Marine Regiment in
France and later in Germany during the occupation of the Rhineland
in 1919. He saw no combat and spent most of the war in the Marine
boxing team, becoming U.S. Expeditionary Forces champion. Tunney
was demobilized following the war, but remained in the Marine
Corps Reserve, ultimately reaching the rank of Major in the
Connecticut Naval Militia. Following the United States entry into
World War II, at the request of Navy Undersecretary James
Forrestal, Tunney accepted a commission in the United States Naval
Reserve as a lieutenant commander to set up a physical fitness
program for student pilots. He headed the Navy's physical fitness
programme for the duration of the war and also made inspection
trip to Hawaii and surrounding area. Tunney was consecutively
promoted to the ranks of Commander and Captain and retired shortly
following the War. For his wartime service, he was decorated with
the Navy Commendation Medal and also held World War I Victory
Medal with France Clasp, Army of Occupation of Germany Medal,
American Defense Service Medal, American Campaign Medal, Asiatic
Pacific Campaign Medal, World War II Victory Medal and Marine
Corps Good Conduct Medal for his World War I enlisted service. In
1928, Tunney married a wealthy socialite, the former Mary "Polly"
Lauder (April 24, 1907 - April 19, 2008). Mrs. Tunney was born
into the Lauder Greenway Family; her grandfather was billionaire
George Lauder, a first cousin and business partner of
industrialist and philanthropist Andrew Carnegie. According to a
2007 biography, Tunney promised Polly that he would quit boxing
and defended his title only one more time after the second Dempsey
fight, against Tom Heeney of New Zealand. After Mr. Tunney's
retirement, the couple lived in Stamford, Connecticut and raised
four children. They had three boys including John Varick Tunney
(1934-2018), who was a U.S. Representative and U.S. Senator from
California from 1965 until 1977; Jonathan "Jay" Rowland
Tunney of Stamford, Connecticut; and Gene Lauder Tunney
(1931-2009) who became a lawyer and served as district attorney
for Sonoma County, California, for 20 years. Their one daughter
was Joan Tunney Wilkinson (1939 - 2008) of San Francisco. who was
committed to McLean Hospital on June 6, 1970, after she murdered
her husband, Lynn Carter Wilkinson Jr. Previous to his marriage to
Mrs. Tunney, Tunney was sued in 1927 for breach of promise, also
called breach of contract to marry, by Mrs. Katherine King
Fogarty. The Long Count Fight, or the Battle of the Long Count,
was a professional boxing 10-round rematch between world
heavyweight champion Gene Tunney and former champion Jack Dempsey,
which Tunney won in a unanimous decision. It took place on
September 22, 1927, at Soldier Field in Chicago. "Long Count"
is applied to the fight because when Tunney was knocked down in
the seventh round the count was delayed due to Dempsey's failure
to go to and remain in a neutral corner. Whether this "long
count" actually affected the outcome remains a subject of
debate. Tunney died on November 7, 1978 at the Greenwich Hospital
in Connecticut at the age of eighty-one, after suffering from a
circulation ailment. He was interred at Long Ridge Union Cemetery
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Today, May 25, 2026
May 25, 1913: #BOTD: #HBD! Richard
Dimbleby, English journalist, producer and broadcaster, who became
the BBC's first war correspondent, then its leading TV news
commentator (d. December 22, 1965) is #born Frederick Richard
Dimbleby at London's St Thomas' Hospital near Richmond, Surrey in
South East England. As host of the long-running current affairs
programme Panorama, he pioneered a popular style of interviewing
that was respectful but searching. At formal public events, he
could combine gravitas with creative insights based on extensive
research. He was also able to maintain interest throughout the
all-night election specials. The annual Richard Dimbleby Lecture
was founded in his memory. He was the BBC's war correspondent who
accompanied the British 11th Armoured Division to the liberation
of the Bergen-Belsen concentration camp, and described the scene
in a report so graphic that the BBC declined to broadcast it for
four days, relenting only when he threatened to resign: "...Here
over an acre of ground lay dead and dying people. You could not
see which was which... The living lay with their heads against the
corpses and around them moved the awful, ghostly procession of
emaciated, aimless people, with nothing to do and with no hope of
life, unable to move out of your way, unable to look at the
terrible sights around them ... Babies had been born here, tiny
wizened things that could not live ... A mother, driven mad,
screamed at a British sentry to give her milk for her child, and
thrust the tiny mite into his arms, then ran off, crying terribly.
He opened the bundle and found the baby had been dead for days.
This day at Belsen was the most horrible of my life.". Two of
his sons, David Dimbleby (host of "An Ocean Apart) and
Jonathan Dimbleby (host of "The Unknown Famine"), also
became broadcast journalists. Richard Dimbleby was frequently
parodied on, and even appeared in, the iconic British radio comedy
series The Goon Show starring Spike Milligan, Peter Sellers and
Harry Secombe. Richard Dimbleby died in St Thomas' Hospital,
London at the age of 52. He had been suffering from testicular
cancer which had been diagnosed five years earlier. In 1962 he had
presented a documentary on the links between heavy tobacco smoking
and lung cancer. Dimbleby decided to admit he was ill with cancer,
which, at the time, was a taboo disease to mention. It was helpful
in building public consciousness of the disease and investing more
resources in finding a cure. The Richard Dimbleby Cancer Fund was
founded in his memory. Dimbleby was cremated, the ceremony
receiving national publicity. He is buried in a cenotaph at
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May 25, 1913: #BOTD: Donald Maclean,
British diplomat and member of the Cambridge Five spy ring which
conveyed government secrets to the Soviet Union (d. March 6, 1983)
is #born Donald Duart Maclean in Marylebone, London, the son of
Sir Donald Maclean and Gwendolen Margaret Devitt. Donald Maclean
was a member of the Cambride Five, also know as The Cambridge Spy
Ring, a ring of spies in the United Kingdom that passed
information to the Soviet Union during World War II and was active
from the 1930s until at least into the early 1950s, which included
Kim Philby, Donald Maclean, Guy Burgess, Anthony Blunt and,
possibly, John Cairncross. The term "Cambridge" refers
to the recruitment of the group during their education at the
University of Cambridge in the 1930s. Debate surrounds the exact
timing of their recruitment by Soviet intelligence. Blunt claimed
that they were not recruited as agents until after they had
graduated. None of the known members was ever prosecuted for
spying. As an undergraduate, Maclean openly proclaimed his
left-wing views, and was recruited into the Soviet intelligence
service, then known as the NKVD. However, he gained entry to the
Civil Service by claiming to have foresworn Marxism. In 1938, he
was made Third Secretary at the Paris embassy, where he kept the
Soviets informed about Anglo-German diplomacy. He then served in
Washington, D.C. from 1944 to 1948, achieving promotion to First
Secretary. Here he became Moscow's main source of information
about US thermonuclear policy, greatly helping the Soviets to
evaluate the relative strength of their own nuclear arsenal. By
the time he was appointed head of the American Department in the
Foreign Office, Maclean was widely suspected of being a spy. The
Soviets ordered Maclean to defect in 1951, and escaped along with
Guy Burgess. In much later declassified reports, British
Intelligence denied to the heads of the Federal Bureau of
Investigation (FBI) any knowledge of Maclean's activities or
whereabouts. Donald Maclean died in Moscow, USSR at the age of 69.
Maclean was reported seriously ill with pneumonia by Lucy Hodges
in the December 6, 1982 edition of The Times, and was housebound
after his recovery. The Institute of World Economy and
International Relations, a Soviet government think-tank where
Maclean worked as a foreign policy analyst, reported his death to
have occured on March 6 1983. He was cremated and his ashes were
scattered on his parents' grave in the churchyard of Holy Trinity
Church, Penn, Buckinghamshire, United Kingdom (twenty years
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Today, May 25, 2026
May 25, 1914: 20th Century Revolutions:
Irish Nationalism: The Irish Revolutionary Period: The Irish War
Of Independence (January 21, 1919 - July 11, 1921) (The
Anglo-Irish War, Irish: Cogadh Na Saoirse): The Partition Of
Ireland: The Government Of Ireland Act 1920 (An Act To Provide For
The Better Government Of Ireland, The Fourth Home Rule Bill, The
Fourth Home Rule Act, The Partition Act): -- The House Of Commons
of the United Kingdom passes the Home Rule Bill for devolution
(the statutory delegation of powers from the central government of
a sovereign state to govern at a subnational level) in Ireland.
Known as The Government of Ireland Act 1914, the Home Rule Act,
and before enactment as the Third Home Rule Bill, it was an Act
passed by the Parliament of the United Kingdom intended to provide
home rule (self-government within the United Kingdom) for Ireland,
and was to receive Royal Assent effective 18 September 1914. It
was the third such bill introduced by a Liberal government in a
28-year period in response to the Irish Home Rule movement. The
Act was the first law ever passed by the Parliament of the United
Kingdom that sought to establish a devolved government in any part
of the UK. However, the implementation of it was formally
postponed for a minimum of twelve months with the outbreak of the
First World War by the Suspensory Act 1914, an Act of the
Parliament of the United Kingdom which among other things
suspended the coming into force of the Government of Ireland Act
1914; the Suspensory Act received the royal assent on the same day
as the Government of Ireland Act 1914 it suspended was to receive
assent, on 18 September 1914. The continuation of the war beyond
1915 and subsequent developments in Ireland led to further
postponements, meaning that the Act never took effect; it was
finally superseded by a fourth home rule bill, enacted as the
Government of Ireland Act 1920, which partitioned Ireland,
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Today, May 25, 2026
May 25, 1925: Evolution: The Theory Of
Evolution: Evolution Of Primates: Human Evolution (Anthropogeny,
Anthropogenesis, Anthropogony): Christian Creationism: The
Rejection Of Evolution By Religious Groups: The Butler Act (An Act
Prohibiting The Teaching Of The Evolution Theory In All The
Universities, And All Other Public Schools Of Tennessee, Which Are
Supported In Whole Or In Part By The Public School Funds Of The
State, And To Provide Penalties For The Violations Thereof): The
Scopes Trial (Tennessee v. John Thomas Scopes, The Scopes Monkey
Trial): -- John T. Scopes is indicted for teaching Charles
Darwin's theory of evolution in Tennessee. The Scopes Trial,
formally known as The State of Tennessee v. John Thomas Scopes and
commonly referred to as the Scopes Monkey Trial, was an American
legal case in July 1925 in which a substitute high school teacher,
John T. Scopes, was accused of violating Tennessee's Butler Act,
which had made it unlawful to teach human evolution in any
state-funded school. The trial was deliberately staged in order to
attract publicity to the small town of Dayton, Tennessee, where it
was held. Scopes was unsure whether he had ever actually taught
evolution, but he purposely incriminated himself so that the case
could have a defendant. Scopes was found guilty and fined 100 USD
(equal to 1,395 USD in 2017), but the verdict was overturned on a
technicality. The trial served its purpose of drawing intense
national publicity, as national reporters flocked to Dayton to
cover the big-name lawyers who had agreed to represent each side.
William Jennings Bryan, three-time presidential candidate, argued
for the prosecution, while Clarence Darrow, the famed defense
attorney, spoke for Scopes. The trial publicized the
Fundamentalist-Modernist Controversy, which set Modernists, who
said evolution was not inconsistent with religion, against
Fundamentalists, who said the word of God as revealed in the Bible
took priority over all human knowledge. The case was thus seen as
both a theological contest and a trial on whether "modern
science" should be taught in schools. On Sale @ 15% Off
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Today's
EarthStation1.com 15% Off Commemorative Memorial Title: DJ
Madness! 1950s-60s-70s Radio Shows DVD, MP3 Download, USB Drive
Today, May 25, 2026
May 25, 1927: #BOTD: #HBD! Rosko, also
known as Rocko, African American news announcer and disc jockey,
first black news announcer on WINS in New York and, as Rosko, the
first black disc jockey on KBLA in Los Angeles, pioneer of
alternative-format FM radio in reaction to the restrictive
playlist programming of Top 40 AM stations, pioneer of free-form
FM radio in New York City, best known for his stints on New York's
WOR-FM and WNEW-FM in the 1960s, and on WKTU-FM in the 1980s (d.
August 1, 2000) is #born William Roscoe Mercer in New York City.
On WOR-FM in 1966 and on WNEW-FM from 1967 to 1970, his calm,
husky voice with its hint of Southern drawl and his wide-ranging
programming made him an authoritative companion amid the musical
ferment of the late 1960's. He delved into rock, soul, folk and
jazz; he read poetry and conversed with his unseen listeners in
almost fatherly monologues. In one set during the late 1960's, he
recited antiwar poetry by Yevgeny Yevtushenko to the Mormon
Tabernacle Choir singing the Lord's Prayer, then played Richie
Havens's antiwar song ''Handsome Johnny'' as a lead-in to a news
report about bombing in Vietnam. As a boy, Mercer attended a
Catholic boarding school in Pennsylvania as a charity student. His
first jobs were as a government clerk and then a men's-room
attendant at the Latin Casino in Cherry Hill, N.J. He began his
radio career as a jazz disc jockey at WHAT in Chester, Pa., moved
to WDAS in Philadelphia, and then to WBLS in New York, playing
jazz in live broadcasts from Palm Cafe in Manhattan. He played
rhythm-and-blues on WNJR in Secaucus, N.J., in the late 1950's,
but after refusing to cross a picket line at the station during an
effort to create a union for disc jockeys, he was blacklisted for
six months. He became the first black announcer for WINS, and was
then hired as a disc jockey by KDIA in Oakland, Calif. Radio
station KGFJ in Los Angeles sought to hire him away, leading to a
precedent-setting lawsuit that changed the way disc-jockey
contracts were written. For a time in the early 1960's, Rosko was
heard live on KGFJ and on tape in Oakland six nights a week; he
spent the seventh in Oakland, live on KDIA. Then he was hired by
KBLA, playing rock and rhythm-and-blues at a formerly all-white
station. He returned to New York to work at WBLS. In 1966, the
Federal Communications Commission required radio stations to
broadcast separate content on AM and FM stations, and rock music
beyond the Top 40 rushed to fill the new air time. The disc
jockeys Murray the K and Scott Muni, along with Rosko, moved to
WOR-FM to introduce a new style, with disc jockeys freely choosing
the music and speaking conversationally to listeners. But in
October 1967, WOR-FM decided to change to a restrictive format. On
his last show, without warning the station's management, Rosko
spoke for five minutes about why he was resigning, saying, ''When
are we going to learn that controlling something does not take it
out of the minds of people?'' and declaring, ''In no way can I
feel that I can continue my radio career by being dishonest with
you.'' He added that he would rather return to being a men's-room
attendant. But within the month, he was hired for an evening shift
by WNEW-FM, which picked up WOR-FM's format; soon afterward,
WNEW-FM also hired Mr. Muni. Rosko stayed at WNEW until 1970, then
moved to France for five years; there, he worked for the Voice Of
America. He returned to the United States and was heard during the
1980's on the dance-music station WKTU in New York; he also did
voice-over work for commercials. Most recently, his voice was
heard in announcements for CBS Sports. In 1992, when he learned he
had cancer, he refused chemotherapy, turning instead to
alternative medicine. Rosko died on a Tuesday night in his
hometown of New York City after a nine-year battle with cancer,
aged 73. He was survived by his wife, Joanna; five children from
three previous marriages, Valerie, William, David, Scott and
Melissa Mercer; a sister, Bernice Reid; and two grandchildren. His
burial details are not publicly known. On Sale @ 15% Off Discount
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Today's
EarthStation1.com 15% Off Commemorative Memorial Title: New York
City History Documentary Collection MP4 Video Download DVD
Today, May 25, 2026
May 25, 1929: #BOTD: #HBD! Beverly Sills,
American operatic soprano and television personality whose peak
career was between the 1950s and 1970s (d. July 2, 2007) is #born
Belle Miriam Silverman in Crown Heights, Brooklyn, New York City,
to Shirley Bahn (nee Sonia Markovna), a musician, and Morris
Silverman, an insurance broker. Her parents were Jewish immigrants
from Odesa, Ukraine, (then part of Russia) and Bucharest, Romania.
She was raised in Brooklyn, where she was known, among friends, as
"Bubbles" Silverman. As a child, she spoke Yiddish,
Russian, Romanian, French, and English. She attended Erasmus Hall
High School in Brooklyn, as well as Manhattan's Professional
Children's School. At the age of three, Sills won a "Miss
Beautiful Baby" contest, in which she sang "The Wedding
of Jack and Jill". Beginning at age four, she performed
professionally on the Saturday morning radio program, "Rainbow
House", as "Bubbles" Silverman. Sills began taking
singing lessons with Estelle Liebling at the age of seven and a
year later sang in the short film Uncle Sol Solves It (filmed
August 1937, released June 1938 by Educational Pictures), by which
time she had adopted her stage name, Beverly Sills. Liebling
encouraged her to audition for CBS Radio's Major Bowes' Amateur
Hour, and on October 26, 1939, at the age of 10, Sills was the
winner of that week's program. Bowes then asked her to appear on
his Capitol Family Hour, a weekly variety show. Her first
appearance was on November 19, 1939, the 17th anniversary of the
show, and she appeared frequently on the program thereafter. In
1945, Sills made her professional stage debut with a Gilbert and
Sullivan touring company produced by Jacob J. Shubert, playing
twelve cities in the US and Canada, in seven different Gilbert and
Sullivan operas. In her 1987 autobiography, she credits that tour
with helping to develop the comic timing she soon became famous
for: "I played the title role in Patience... a very funny,
flaky girl. ... I played her as a dumb Dora all the way
through.... I found that I had a gift for slapstick humor, and it
was fun to exercise it onstage." Sills sang in operettas for
several more years. On July 9, 1946, Sills appeared as a
contestant on the radio show Arthur Godfrey's Talent Scouts. She
sang under the pseudonym of "Vicki Lynn", as she was
under contract to Shubert. Shubert did not want Godfrey to be able
to say he had discovered "Beverly Sills" if she won the
contest (although she did not ultimately win). Sills sang "Romany
Life" from Victor Herbert's The Fortune Teller. Sills made
her operatic stage debut as Frasquita in Bizet's Carmen with the
Philadelphia Civic Grand Opera Company on February 14, 1951
(erroneously listed in most references as 1947). She toured North
America with the Charles Wagner Opera Company, in the fall of
1951, singing Violetta in La traviata and, in the fall of 1952,
singing Micaela in Carmen. On September 15, 1953, she made her
debut with the San Francisco Opera as Helen of Troy in Boito's
Mefistofele and also sang Donna Elvira in Don Giovanni the same
season. In a step outside of the repertoire she is commonly
associated with, Sills gave four performances of the title role of
Aida in July 1954 in Salt Lake City. On October 29, 1955, she
first appeared with the New York City Opera as Rosalinde in Johann
Strauss II's Die Fledermaus, which received critical praise. As
early as 1956 she performed before an audience of over 13,000 at
the Lewisohn Stadium with the noted operatic conductor Alfredo
Antonini in an aria from Bellini's I puritani. Her reputation
expanded with her performance of the title role in the New York
premiere of Douglas Moore's The Ballad of Baby Doe in 1958.
Although she sang a repertoire from Handel and Mozart to Puccini,
Massenet and Verdi, she was known for her performances in
coloratura soprano roles in live opera and recordings. Sills was
largely associated with the operas of Donizetti, of which she
performed and recorded many roles. Her signature roles include the
title role in Donizetti's Lucia di Lammermoor, the title role in
Massenet's Manon, Marie in Donizetti's La fille du regiment, the
three heroines in Offenbach's Les contes d'Hoffmann, Rosina in
Rossini's The Barber of Seville, Violetta in Verdi's La traviata,
and most notably Elisabetta in Roberto Devereux. The New York
Times noted, "In her prime her technique was exemplary. She
could dispatch coloratura roulades and embellishments, capped by
radiant high Ds and E-flats, with seemingly effortless agility.
She sang with scrupulous musicianship, rhythmic incisiveness and a
vivid sense of text." NPR commented, her voice was "Capable
of spinning a seemingly endless legato line, or bursting with
crystalline perfection into waves of dazzling fioriture and
thrilling high notes." After retiring from singing in 1980,
she became the general manager of the New York City Opera. In
1994, she became the chairwoman of Lincoln Center and then, in
2002, of the Metropolitan Opera, stepping down in 2005. Sills lent
her celebrity to further her charity work for the prevention and
treatment of birth defects. Beverly Sills died of lung cancer with
her daughter at her bedside in New York City at the age of 78.]
She is buried in Sharon Gardens, the Jewish division of Kensico
Cemetery in Valhalla, New York. On Sale @ 15% Off Discount Till
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Today's
EarthStation1.com 15% Off Commemorative Memorial Title: Countdown
To War Docudrama On Road To WWII DVD, Download, USB Drive
Today, May 25, 2026
May 25, 1939: #BOTD: #HBD! Ian McKellen,
English actor with a career spanning over six decades, British
cultural icon noted for his roles on the screen and stage in
genres ranging from Shakespearean dramas and modern theatre to
popular fantasy and science fiction, knighted by Queen Elizabeth
II in 1991, is #born Ian Murray McKellen in Burnley, Lancashire,
England. Sir Ian Murray McKellen CH CBE has received numerous
accolades, including a Tony Award, six Olivier Awards, and a
Golden Globe Award as well as nominations for two Academy Awards,
five BAFTA Awards and five Emmy Awards. McKellen made his stage
debut in 1961 at the Belgrade Theatre as a member of their
repertory company. In 1965, McKellen made his first West End
appearance. In 1969, he was invited to join the Prospect Theatre
Company to play the lead parts in Shakespeare's Richard II and
Marlowe's Edward II. In the 1970s, McKellen became a stalwart of
the Royal Shakespeare Company and the National Theatre of Great
Britain. He has earned five Olivier Awards for his roles in
Pillars of the Community (1977), The Alchemist (1978), Bent
(1979), Wild Honey (1984), and Richard III (1995). He made his
Broadway debut in The Promise (1965). He went on to receive the
Tony Award for Best Actor in a Play for his role as Antonio
Salieri in Amadeus (1980). He was further nominated for Ian
McKellen: Acting Shakespeare (1984). He returned to Broadway in
Wild Honey (1986), Dance of Death (1990), No Man's Land (2013),
and Waiting for Godot (2013), the later being a joint production
with Patrick Stewart. McKellen achieved worldwide fame for his
film roles, including the titular King in Richard III (1995),
James Whale in Gods and Monsters (1998), Magneto in the X-Men
films, and Gandalf in The Lord of the Rings (2001-2003) and The
Hobbit (2012-2014) trilogies. Other notable film roles include A
Touch of Love (1969), Plenty (1985), Six Degrees of Separation
(1993), Restoration (1995), Mr. Holmes (2015), and The Good Liar
(2019). He came out as gay in 1988, and has since championed LGBT
social movements worldwide. He was awarded the Freedom of the City
of London in October 2014. McKellen is a co-founder of Stonewall,
an LGBT rights lobby group in the United Kingdom, named after the
Stonewall riots. He is also patron of LGBT History Month, Pride
London, Oxford Pride, GAY-GLOS, LGBT Foundation and FFLAG. On Sale
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Today's
EarthStation1.com 15% Off Commemorative Memorial Title: 50 Years
Together: Channel 2 And You WCBS-TV (1991) DVD MP4 USB Drive
Today, May 25, 2026
May 25, 1941: #BOTD: Joel Steinberg,
disbarred New York City criminal defense attorney, who attracted
international media attention when he was accused of rape and
murder, and was convicted of manslaughter, for the November 1,
1987 beating and subsequent death of a six-year-old girl,
Elizabeth ("Lisa"), whom he and his live-in partner
Hedda Nussbaum had illegally adopted, is #born Joel Barnet
Steinberg in New York City. The death of the girl, Lisa Steinberg,
sparked a controversial trial and media frenzy. The legal case was
one of the first to be televised "gavel to gavel."
Supporters of Steinberg's partner Nussbaum characterized her as a
victim of horrific domestic abuse at the hands of Steinberg;
critics suggested she was a consensual partner in a
sadomasochistic relationship and an unprosecuted co-conspirator in
the young girl's death. In exchange for testifying against
Steinberg, Nussbaum was not prosecuted for events related to
Lisa's death. Nussbaum was alone in the apartment with an
unconscious and bleeding Lisa for over ten hours without seeking
any medical attention for the girl. At Steinberg's twelve-week
trial, his defense argued that Nussbaum's extensive injuries
resulted from a consensual sadomasochistic relationship between
the two defendants. Her attorneys claimed that Nussbaum's decision
to stay with Steinberg even though she was a victim of domestic
violence was a sign of battered woman syndrome. In New York State
at that time, first-degree murder applied only to those who killed
police officers or had committed murder while already serving a
sentence for a previous murder. The jury was unable to convict
Steinberg on the more serious charge of second-degree murder, but
it did convict him of the lesser charge of first-degree
manslaughter. Judge Harold Rothwax then sentenced him to the
maximum penalty then available for that charge - 8 1/3 to 25 years
in state prison. On two occasions, Steinberg was denied
discretionary parole, mainly because he never expressed remorse
for the killing. However, on June 30, 2004, he was paroled under
the state's "good time" law, which mandates release of
inmates who exhibit good behavior while incarcerated after having
served two-thirds or more of the maximum possible sentence. New
York State has since increased this ratio to six-sevenths of the
maximum term for persons convicted of violent felonies. Steinberg
had spent most of his imprisonment at New York State's supermax
prison, the Southport Correctional Facility, presumably to prevent
him from being attacked by other inmates. After his release,
Steinberg moved to Harlem, where he took up work in the
construction industry. As of 2006, he maintained his innocence. On
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Today's
EarthStation1.com 15% Off Commemorative Memorial Title: TV Music &
Dance Shows #1 Hullabaloo DVD, Video Download, USB Drive
Today, May 25, 2026
May 25, 1943: #BOTD: #HBD! Leslie Uggams,
African American actress, singer and beauty, is #born Leslie
Marian Uggams in Harlem. Beginning her career as a child in the
early 1950s, Uggams is recognized for portraying Kizzy Reynolds in
the television miniseries Roots (1977), earning Golden Globe and
Emmy Award nominations for her performance. She had earlier been
highly acclaimed for the Broadway musical Hallelujah, Baby!,
winning a Theatre World Award in 1967 and the Tony Award for Best
Actress in a Musical in 1968. Later in her career, Uggams received
renewed notice with appearances alongside Ryan Reynolds as Blind
Al in Deadpool (2016) & Deadpool 2 (2018) and in a recurring
role on Empire. She portrayed Lena Horne in the television
docudrama Hoover Vs. The Kennedy (1987). On Sale @ 15% Off
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Today's
EarthStation1.com 15% Off Commemorative Memorial Title: The Golden
Age Of Rock 'N' Roll DVD, MP4 Video Download, Flash Drive
Today, May 25, 2026
May 25, 1949: #BOTD: #HBD! Jean
Millington, African-Filipina-American bassist, singer, songwriter
and beauty, co-founder and bassist of the pioneer all-female rock
band Fanny, which was active from 1970 to 1974, is #born Jean Y.
Millington Adamian in Manila, Philippines, the younger sister of
Fanny guitarist June Millington, into the seven children family of
Filipina socialite "Yola" Yolanda Leonor Limjoco
Millington and US Navy Lt. Commander John "Jack" Howard
Millington. Fanny was the first all-female rock band to release an
album on a major label. They eventually released five albums and
achieved two top-40 singles on the Billboard Hot 100. The band has
long been considered pioneers and are highly respected by later
all-women rock groups like The Go-Go's and The Runaways. In 1999,
major Fanny fan David Bowie said that Fanny was "extraordinary...
they're as important as anybody else who's ever been, ever; it
just wasn't their time." On Sale @ 15% Off Discount Till
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Today's
EarthStation1.com 15% Off Commemorative Memorial Title:
Television: A History Of Broadcast TV DVD MP4 Download USB Drive
Today, May 25, 2026
May 25, 1953: The History Of
Broadcasting: The History Of Television Broadcasting: The History
Of Public Television Broadcasting: Television Broadcasting Firsts:
-- The first public television station in the United States
officially begins broadcasting as KUHT from the campus of the
University of Houston. The station was established by Dr. John C.
Schwarzwalder, a professor in the Radio-Television Department at
the University of Houston, and was the first station to broadcast
under an educational non-profit license in the United States, and
one of the earliest member stations of National Educational
Television, which eventually merged into PBS. KUHT, co-located
with FM station KUHF, originally operated from the Ezekiel W.
Cullen Building on the University of Houston campus. Its
dedication ceremonies were broadcast on June 8 of that year. The
station's initial cost was an investment of 350K USD, and had an
annual operating budget of about 110K USD. Originally licensed to
both the University of Houston (UH) and the Houston Independent
School District, UH became its sole licensee in 1959. As of 2020,
KUHT, virtual and VHF digital channel 8, is a Public Broadcasting
Service (PBS) member television station licensed to Houston,
Texas, United States. Owned by the University of Houston System,
it is sister to National Public Radio (NPR) member station KUHF
(88.7 FM). The two stations share studios and offices in the
Melcher Center for Public Broadcasting on the campus of the
University of Houston. KUHT's transmitter is located near Missouri
City, in unincorporated northeastern Fort Bend County. On Sale @
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Today's
EarthStation1.com 15% Off Commemorative Memorial Title: Nuclear
War Films #7 Upshot/Knothole Teapot Atomic Cannon DVD MP4 USB
Today, May 25, 2026
May 25, 1953: The Aftermath Of World War
II: The Cold War: Nuclear Warfare: Nuclear Weapons Testing:
American Nuclear Warfare: Nuclear Weapons Testing: Operation
Upshot-Knothole: Upshot-Knothole Grable Test: Desert Rock
Exercises: Desert Rock V: -- At the Nevada Test Site, the United
States conducts its first and only nuclear artillery test, with
over 21,000 soldiers taking part in the ground exercise Desert
Rock V in conjunction with the Grable shot. Film of the event has
become emblematic of the nuclear arms race and the cold war.
Upshot-Knothole Grable was a nuclear weapons test conducted by the
United States as part of Operation Upshot-Knothole. Detonation of
the associated nuclear weapon occurred 19 seconds after its
deployment at 8:30am PDT (1530 UTC) on May 25, 1953, in Area 5 of
the Nevada Test Site. The codename Grable was chosen because the
letter Grable is phonetic for G, as in "gun", since the
warhead was a gun-type fission weapon. As a shell, or
artillery-fired atomic projectile (AFAP), the device was the first
of its kind. The test remains the only nuclear artillery shell
ever actually fired in the U.S. nuclear weapons test program.
Grable was the second of only four gun-type warheads ever
detonated (the first was Little Boy, the weapon used against
Hiroshima; all other atomic weapons were implosion-type weapons).
The shell, designated a Mark 9 nuclear weapon, had a diameter of
280 mm (11.02 in), was 1380 mm (54.4 in) long and weighed 364 kg
(803 lb). The M65 Atomic Cannon from which it was fired had a
muzzle velocity of 625 m/s (2,060 ft/s), for a nominal range of 32
km (20 mi), and weighed 77 metric tons (85 t). The detonation of
Grable occurred 19 seconds after its firing. It detonated over
11,000 yards (over 10 km, 6.25 mi) away from the gun it was fired
from, over a part of the Nevada Test Site known as Frenchman Flat.
The explosion was an air burst of 160 m (524 ft) above the ground
(7 m (24 ft) above its designated burst altitude), 26 m (87 ft)
west and 41 m (136 ft) south of its target (slightly uprange). Its
yield was estimated at 15 kilotons, around the same level as the
Little Boy Hiroshima bomb. An anomalous feature of the blast was
the formation of a precursor, a second shock front ahead of the
incident wave. This precursor was formed when the shock wave
reflected off the ground and surpassed the incident wave and Mach
stem due to a heated ground air layer and the low burst height. It
resulted in a lower overpressure, but higher overall dynamic
pressure, which inflicted much more damage on drag sensitive
targets such as jeeps and personnel carriers. This led strategists
to rethink the importance of low air bursts in tactical nuclear
warfare. Desert Rock was the code name of a series of exercises
conducted by the US military in conjunction with atmospheric
nuclear tests. They were carried out at the Nevada Proving Grounds
between 1951 and 1957. Their purpose was to train troops and gain
knowledge of military maneuvers and operations on the nuclear
battlefield. They included observer programs, tactical maneuvers,
and damage effects tests. Camp Desert Rock was established in
Navade in 1951, 1.5 miles (2.4 kilometers) south of Camp Mercury,
a closed village in Mercury, Nye County, Nevada. The site was used
to billet troops and stage equipment. The camp was discontinued as
an Army installation in 1964. During Desert Rock V (March 17 -
June 4m 1953 ), observer programs were conducted at shots Annie,
Badger, Encore, and Grable. Exercise Desert Rock V included troop
orientation and training, a volunteer officer observer program,
tactical troop maneuvers, operational helicopter tests, and damage
effects evaluation. Operation Upshot-Knothole was a series of
eleven nuclear test shots conducted in 1953 at the Nevada Test
Site. It followed Operation Ivy and preceded Operation Castle.
Over 21,000 soldiers took part in the ground exercise Desert Rock
V in conjunction with the Grable shot. Grable was a 280mm
Artillery Fired Atomic Projectile (AFAP) shell fired from the
"Atomic Cannon" and was viewed by a number of
high-ranking military officials. The test series was notable as
containing the first time an AFAP shell was fired (GRABLE Shot),
the first two shots (both fizzles) by University of California
Radiation Laboratory-Livermore (now Lawrence Livermore National
Laboratory), and for testing out some of the thermonuclear
components that would be used for the massive thermonuclear series
of Operation Castle. One primary device (RACER) was tested in
thermonuclear system mockup assemblies of TX-14, TX-16, and
TX-17/TX-24, to examine and evaluate the behaviour of radiation
cases and the compression of the secondary geometries by the
primary's x-rays prior to full-scale testing during Castle.
Following RACER's dodgy performance, the COBRA primary was used in
the emergency capability ALARM CLOCK, JUGHEAD, RUNT I, RUNT II
thermonuclear devices, as well as in the SHRIMP device. RACER IV
(as redesigned and proof-tested in the Simon test) was employed as
primary for the ZOMBIE, RAMROD and MORGENSTERN devices. On Sale @
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Today's
EarthStation1.com 15% Off Commemorative Memorial Title: One Small
Step: The Space Race To Land A Man On The Moon DVD MP4 USB
Today, May 25, 2026
May 25, 1961: The History Of Spaceflight:
The Aftermath Of World War II: The Cold War: The Space Age: The
Space Race: The Presidency Of John F. Kennedy: Special Message To
The Congress On Urgent National Needs (The Goal Of Sending A Man
To The Moon): -- U.S. President John F. Kennedy announces before a
special joint session of the Congress his goal to initiate a
project to put a "man on the Moon" before the end of the
decade. Early in his presidency, Kennedy was poised to dismantle
the manned space program but postponed any decision out of
deference to Johnson, who had been a strong supporter of the space
program in the Senate. Kennedy's advisors speculated that a Moon
flight would be prohibitively expensive, and he was considering
plans to dismantle the Apollo program due to its cost. However,
this quickly changed on April 12, 1961, when Soviet cosmonaut Yuri
Gagarin became the first person to fly in space, reinforcing
American fears about being left behind in a technological
competition with the Soviet Union. Kennedy now became eager for
the U.S. to take the lead in the Space Race, for reasons of
national security and prestige. On April 20, he sent a memo to
Johnson, asking him to look into the status of America's space
program, and into programs that could offer NASA the opportunity
to catch up. After consulting with Wernher von Braun, Johnson
responded approximately one week later, concluding that "we
are neither making maximum effort nor achieving results necessary
if this country is to reach a position of leadership". His
memo concluded that a manned Moon landing was far enough in the
future that it was likely the United States would achieve it
first. Kennedy's advisor Ted Sorensen advised him to support the
Moon landing, and on May 25, Kennedy announced the goal in a
speech titled "Special Message to the Congress on Urgent
National Needs": "I believe that this nation should
commit itself to achieving the goal, before this decade is out, of
landing a man on the Moon and returning him safely to the Earth.
No single space project in this period will be more impressive to
mankind, or more important for the long-range exploration of
space; and none will be so difficult or expensive to accomplish."
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Today's
EarthStation1.com 15% Off Commemorative Memorial Title: Muhammad
Ali Documentaries And Entire Fights DVD, Download, USB Drive
Today, May 25, 2026
May 25, 1965: Sports: The History Of
Sports: The History Of Sports In The United States: The History Of
Boxing: The History Of Heavyweight Boxing: Muhammad Ali vs. Sonny
Liston II: -- In a highly controversial heavyweight boxing
championship fight in Lewiston, Maine, Muhammad Ali fells Sonny
Liston with an "anchor punch" that has led to
accusations of fight fixing ever since. Following Clay's upset
victory over Liston in Muhammad Ali vs. Sonny Liston I, both
fighters were almost immediately embroiled in controversy. A
couple of days after the fight, Clay publicly announced that he
had joined the "Black Muslims" and started calling
himself Cassius X. Liston was arrested on March 12 and charged
with speeding, careless and reckless driving, driving without an
operator's license and carrying a concealed weapon. At a time when
Congress was investigating corruption and organized crime
influence in boxing, neither fighter was seen in a positive light.
In the view of some, the unexpected ending of Ali vs. Sonny Liston
I took on suspicious overtones when it was discovered that the two
fighters had a contract which contained a rematch clause. Many
argued that Liston had more to gain financially from losing the
bout and fighting a rematch than he did from winning. The contract
gave Inter-Continental Promotions, Inc., a firm organized to
promote Liston's fights, the right to promote Ali's first fight as
champion if he should beat Liston, and to pick his opponent, which
presumably would be Liston. This was in a second contract, kept
secret and not part of the main fight contract. It was phrased as
it was because the World Boxing Association did not allow fight
contracts with rematch clauses. Gordon B. Davidson, an attorney
for the group sponsoring Ali, said, "We felt we would be
better advised not to have a guaranteed rematch clause. We felt
this was more in the spirit of the WBA rules than a direct rematch
which was clearly outlawed." He agreed that it was
"subterfuge." When Ali and Liston signed to fight a
rematch, the WBA voted unanimously to strip Ali of the title and
drop Liston from its rankings. However, the World Boxing Council,
the New York State Athletic Commission and The Ring magazine
continued to recognize Ali as champion. Pressed by the WBA, which
included every U.S. state except California, Nevada and New York,
state boxing commissions throughout the nation were reluctant to
license a rematch between the two controversial fighters, and it
was difficult to find a venue. Ultimately, Massachusetts agreed to
host the bout, which resulted in the suspension of the
Massachusetts Boxing Commission by the WBA. The fight was set for
November 16, 1964, however, three days before the scheduled bout
(on a Friday the 13th), Ali needed emergency surgery for a
strangulated hernia. The bout would need to be delayed by six
months. The new date was set for May 25, 1965. But as it
approached, Liston was involved in yet another arrest and there
were fears that the promoters were tied to organized crime.
Massachusetts officials, most notably Suffolk County District
Attorney Garrett H. Byrne, began to have second thoughts. Byrne
sought an injunction blocking the fight in Boston because
Inter-Continental Promotions was promoting the fight without a
Massachusetts license. Inter-Continental said local veteran Sam
Silverman was the promoter. On May 7, backers of the rematch ended
the court battle. The atmosphere surrounding the fight was tense
and sometimes ugly. Security for the fight was unprecedented. The
ending of the second Ali-Liston fight remains one of the most
controversial in boxing history. Midway through the first round,
Liston threw a left jab and Ali supposedly went over it with a
fast right, knocking the former champion down. Liston went down on
his back. He rolled over, got to his right knee and then fell on
his back again. Many in attendance did not see Ali deliver the
punch. The fight quickly descended into disarray. Referee Jersey
Joe Walcott, a former World Heavyweight Champion himself, had a
hard time getting Ali to go to a neutral corner. Ali initially
stood over his fallen opponent, gesturing and yelling at him, "Get
up and fight, sucker!" and "Nobody will believe this!"
The moment was captured by ringside photographer Neil Leifer in
what became one of the most iconic images in sport, chosen as the
cover of the Sports Illustrated special issue, "The Century's
Greatest Sports Photos." Ali then began prancing around the
ring with his arms raised in victory. It is one of the quickest
heavyweight title knockouts in history. Many in the small crowd
had not even settled in their seats when the fight was stopped.
The official time of the stoppage was announced as 1:00 into the
first round, which was wrong. Liston went down at 1:44, got up at
1:56, and the fight was stopped at 2:12. When the fight ended,
numerous fans booed and started yelling, "Fix!" Skeptics
called the knockout blow "the phantom punch." Ali called
it "the anchor punch." He said it was taught to him by
comedian and film actor Stepin Fetchit, who learned it from Jack
Johnson. However, Ali was unsure immediately after the fight as to
whether or not the punch connected, as footage from the event
shows Ali in the ring asking his entourage, "Did I hit him?"
Ali told Nation Of Islam minister Abdul Rahman that Liston "laid
[sic] down" and Rahman replied, "No, you hit him."
Rahman later said, "Ali hit him so fast, Ali didn't really
know he hit him. ... and It took a long time before even he saw
the punch he hit Sonny with." Ali never threw the 'anchor
punch' again nor did he subsequently refer to it. After the fight,
George Chuvalo, five-time Canadian heavyweight champion and
two-time world heavyweight title challenger, climbed through the
ropes and shoved Ali, yelling, "Fix!" He was restrained,
but later he said that he had seen Liston's eyes while the
challenger was on the floor, and he knew that he was not in bad
shape. "His eyes were darting from side to side like this,"
he said, darting his eyes from side to side. "When a fighter
is hurt his eyes roll up." There were some at ringside who
believed the fight was legitimate. Larry Merchant, who was a
critic of Liston as a person throughout his career, wrote 50 years
later, "I saw the actual punch land on the actual chin, as
did others in my area of the press section. It was a quick right
hand that caught Liston as he was coming forward ... According to
ringside doctors I've spoken to, that is a classic example of a
medulla oblongata K.O." World Light Heavyweight Champion Jose
Torres said, "It was a perfect punch." Jim Murray of the
Los Angeles Times wrote that it was "no phantom punch."
Tex Maule of Sports Illustrated wrote, "The blow had so much
force it lifted Liston's left foot, upon which most of his weight
was resting, well off the canvas." Another former champion,
Rocky Marciano, changed his view about the knockout punch after
seeing videotape the next day. "I didn't think it was a
powerful punch when I saw the fight from ringside," Marciano
said. "Now (after seeing video) I think Clay, seeing the
opening, snapped the punch the last six inches." He added
that he still didn't think it was a knockout punch. Ali did not
think he knocked Liston out. In his own words in Thomas Hauser's
1991 biography: "The punch jarred him. It was a good punch,
but I didn't think I hit him so hard that he couldn't have gotten
up. Once he went down, I got excited. I forgot about the rules".
Jerry Izenberg of the Newark Star-Ledger said Liston told him that
he lost simply because "the timekeeper couldn't count."
Mark Kram of Sports Illustrated said Liston told him: "That
guy [Ali] was crazy. I didn't want anything to do with him. And
the Muslims were coming up. Who needed that? So I went down. I
wasn't hit." In the wake of the controversial fight, there
was an outcry by press and politicians for the abolition of
boxing. Bills to ban the sport were planned in several state
legislatures. In the final analysis, it remains controversial
whether the blow in Lewiston was a genuine knockout punch. The
fact that Liston didn't complain about the clear breach of boxing
rules (being declared knocked out without a count) and Ali's
obvious state of bewilderment, shouting at Liston "Nobody
will believe this" and asking his handlers "Did I hit
him?" give cause to some poeple for this controversy to
continue. On Sale @ 15% Off Discount Till Midnight PT!
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Today's
EarthStation1.com 15% Off Commemorative Memorial Title: Chairman
Mao Tse-Tung aka Mao Zedong Documentaries DVD, Download, USB
Today, May 25, 2026
May 25, 1966: Maoism (Mao Zedong
Thought): The Cultural Revolution (CR, The Great Proletarian
Cultural Revolution): Big-Character Posters (Chinese: Dazibao,
"Big-Character Reports" [Pronounced "Dah-ZEE-BOW-oo"]);
-- The first prominent Dazibao, a handwritten, wall-mounted poster
with large Chinese characters used as a means of protest,
propaganda, and popular communication during the Cultural
Revolution in China, is posted at Peking University, marking the
beginning of the activist phase of the Cultural Revolution. Nine
days earlier, on May 16, 1966, the Communist Party of China issued
the "May 16 Notice", also known as the "May 16
Notification", marking the actual beginning of the Cultural
Revolution. In May 1966, an "expanded session" of the
Politburo was called in Beijing. The conference, rather than being
a joint discussion on policy (as per the usual norms of party
operations), was essentially a campaign to mobilize the Politburo
into endorsing Mao's political agenda. The conference was heavily
laden with Maoist political rhetoric on class struggle, and filled
with meticulously-prepared 'indictments' on the recently ousted
leaders such as Peng Zhen and Luo Ruiqing. One of these documents,
released on May 16, was prepared with Mao's personal supervision,
and was particularly damning: "Those representatives of the
bourgeoisie who have sneaked into the Party, the government, the
army, and various spheres of culture are a bunch of
counter-revolutionary revisionists. Once conditions are ripe, they
will seize political power and turn the dictatorship of the
proletariat into a dictatorship of the bourgeoisie. Some of them
we have already seen through; others we have not. Some are still
trusted by us and are being trained as our successors, persons
like Khruschev for example, who are still nestling beside us.".
This text summarized Mao's ideological justification for the
Cultural Revolution. Effectively it implied that there are enemies
of the Communist cause within the Party itself: class enemies who
"wave the red flag to oppose the red flag." The only way
to identify these people was through "the telescope and
microscope of Mao Zedong Thought." While the party leadership
was relatively united in approving the general direction of Mao's
agenda, many Politburo members were not especially enthusiastic,
or simply confused about the direction of the movement. The
charges against esteemed party leaders like Peng Zhen rang alarm
bells in China's intellectual community and among the eight
non-Communist parties of the Chinese United Front (a popular front
of the legally permitted parties in the country, led by the
Communist Party of China [CPC]). The Cultural Revolution, formally
the Great Proletarian Cultural Revolution, was a sociopolitical
movement in China from 1966 until 1976. Launched by Mao Zedong,
the Chairman of the Communist Party of China (CPC), its stated
goal was to preserve Chinese Communism by purging remnants of
capitalist and traditional elements from Chinese society, and to
re-impose Mao Zedong Thought (known outside China as Maoism) as
the dominant ideology in the CPC. The Revolution marked Mao's
return to the central position of power in China after a period of
less radical leadership to recover from the failures of Mao's
Great Leap Forward, which led to approximately 30 million deaths
in the Great Chinese Famine only five years earlier. Mao launched
the movement in May 1966 with the help of Cultural Revolution
Group, soon calling on young people to "bombard the
headquarters" and proclaiming that "to rebel is
justified". To eliminate his rivals within the CPC and in
schools, factories, and government institutions, Mao charged that
bourgeois elements had infiltrated the government and society and
that they aimed to restore capitalism. He insisted that
revisionists be removed through violent class struggle. China's
youth responded by forming Red Guard groups around the country,
which split into rival factions and often involved in violent
struggles. Urban workers likewise split into factions, and the
People's Liberation Army had to be sent to restore order. Lin
Biao, Vice Chairman of the Communist Party of China, was written
into the constitution as Mao's successor; Lin had compiled the
Little Red Book, a selection of Mao's sayings, that became a
sacred text for Mao's personality cult. Mao declared the end of
the Cultural Revolution in 1969, but the Revolution's active phase
lasted until at least 1971, when Lin Biao fled and died in a plane
crash, accused of a botched coup against Mao. In 1972, the Gang Of
Four (Mao's wife Jiang Qing, Zhang Chunqiao, Yao Wenyuan, and Wang
Hongwen) rose to power, and the Cultural Revolution continued.
After Mao's death and the arrest of the Gang Of Four in 1976, the
active phase of the Cultural Revolution finally came to an end.
The Cultural Revolution damaged China's economy while tens of
millions of people were persecuted, with an estimated death toll
ranging from hundreds of thousands to 20 million. Starting from
the Red August of Beijing, massacres took place across the
country, such as the Guangxi Massacre (massive cannibalism also
occurred), the Inner Mongolia incident, the Yunnan Massacres and
the Hunan Massacres. The 1975 Banqiao Dam failure, one of the
greatest technological catastrophes of the world, also took place
during the Cultural Revolution. On the other hand, senior
officials, most notably Chinese president Liu Shaoqi, Deng
Xiaoping, Peng Dehuai and He Long, were purged or exiled. Millions
were accused of being members of the Five Black Categories and
were persecuted, suffering public humiliation, imprisonment,
torture, hard labor, seizure of property, and sometimes execution
or harassment into suicide. Intellectuals were considered the
"Stinking Old Ninth" and were widely persecuted; notable
scholars and scientists such as Lao She, Fu Lei, Yao Tongbin and
Zhao Jiuzhang were killed or committed suicide. Schools and
universities were closed with the college entrance exams
cancelled. Over 10 million urban intellectual youths were sent to
the countryside in the Down to the Countryside Movement. Red
Guards also destroyed historical relics as well as artifacts, and
ransacked cultural and religious sites. In 1978, Deng Xiaoping
became the new paramount leader of China and started the "Boluan
Fanzheng" program which gradually dismantled the Maoist
policies associated with the Cultural Revolution and brought the
country back to order. Deng then started a new phase of China by
initiating the historic Reforms and Opening-up program. In 1981,
the Communist Party of China declared that the Cultural Revolution
was "responsible for the most severe setback and the heaviest
losses suffered by the Party, the country, and the people since
the founding of the People's Republic". On Sale @ 15% Off
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Today's
EarthStation1.com 15% Off Commemorative Memorial Title: Heart Of
The Dragon TV Series DVD, Video Download, USB Flash Drive
Today, May 25, 2026
May 25, 1977: Maoism (Mao Zedong
Thought): The Cultural Revolution (CR, The Great Proletarian
Cultural Revolution): The Aftermath Of The Cultural Revolution:
Censorship: Censorship During The Cultural Revolution: Book
Censorship In China: -- The Chinese government removes a decade
old ban on William Shakespeare's work, effectively ending the
activist phase of the Cultural Revolution started in 1966. There
is a long history of China banning the works of Shakespeare; in
1788, in a show of deference to the insanity of the reigning
British monarch King George III, Shakespeare's King Lear was
banned, lifted only after his death in 1820. Nevertheless,
Shakespeare enjoyed great popularity among the educated classes in
China, beginning in 1903 when the first Chinese translations of
his work were made widely avaible. This popularity continued
throughout the turbulent years that followed, throught the Second
World War and on past the Chinese Civil War. It was not until the
1950s that communist doctrine turned against Shakespeare's work,
initially inspired by Soviet critics of his work. With the start
of the Cultural Revolution, virtually all foreign literature which
was labelled as "feudal, bourgeois or revisionist",
including Shakespeare's works, were banned. The Cultural
Revolution, formally the Great Proletarian Cultural Revolution,
was a sociopolitical movement in China from 1966 until 1976.
Launched by Mao Zedong, the Chairman of the Communist Party of
China (CPC), its stated goal was to preserve Chinese Communism by
purging remnants of capitalist and traditional elements from
Chinese society, and to re-impose Mao Zedong Thought (known
outside China as Maoism) as the dominant ideology in the CPC. The
Revolution marked Mao's return to the central position of power in
China after a period of less radical leadership to recover from
the failures of Mao's Great Leap Forward, which led to
approximately 30 million deaths in the Great Chinese Famine only
five years earlier. Mao launched the movement in May 1966 with the
help of Cultural Revolution Group, soon calling on young people to
"bombard the headquarters" and proclaiming that "to
rebel is justified". To eliminate his rivals within the CPC
and in schools, factories, and government institutions, Mao
charged that bourgeois elements had infiltrated the government and
society and that they aimed to restore capitalism. He insisted
that revisionists be removed through violent class struggle.
China's youth responded by forming Red Guard groups around the
country, which split into rival factions and often involved in
violent struggles. Urban workers likewise split into factions, and
the People's Liberation Army had to be sent to restore order. Lin
Biao, Vice Chairman of the Communist Party of China, was written
into the constitution as Mao's successor; Lin had compiled the
Little Red Book, a selection of Mao's sayings, that became a
sacred text for Mao's personality cult. Mao declared the end of
the Cultural Revolution in 1969, but the Revolution's active phase
lasted until at least 1971, when Lin Biao fled and died in a plane
crash, accused of a botched coup against Mao. In 1972, the Gang Of
Four (Mao's wife Jiang Qing, Zhang Chunqiao, Yao Wenyuan, and Wang
Hongwen) rose to power, and the Cultural Revolution continued.
After Mao's death and the arrest of the Gang Of Four in 1976, the
active phase of the Cultural Revolution finally came to an end.
The Cultural Revolution damaged China's economy while tens of
millions of people were persecuted, with an estimated death toll
ranging from hundreds of thousands to 20 million. Starting from
the Red August of Beijing, massacres took place across the
country, such as the Guangxi Massacre (massive cannibalism also
occurred), the Inner Mongolia incident, the Yunnan Massacres and
the Hunan Massacres. The 1975 Banqiao Dam failure, one of the
greatest technological catastrophes of the world, also took place
during the Cultural Revolution. On the other hand, senior
officials, most notably Chinese president Liu Shaoqi, Deng
Xiaoping, Peng Dehuai and He Long, were purged or exiled. Millions
were accused of being members of the Five Black Categories and
were persecuted, suffering public humiliation, imprisonment,
torture, hard labor, seizure of property, and sometimes execution
or harassment into suicide. Intellectuals were considered the
"Stinking Old Ninth" and were widely persecuted; notable
scholars and scientists such as Lao She, Fu Lei, Yao Tongbin and
Zhao Jiuzhang were killed or committed suicide. Schools and
universities were closed with the college entrance exams
cancelled. Over 10 million urban intellectual youths were sent to
the countryside in the Down to the Countryside Movement. Red
Guards also destroyed historical relics as well as artifacts, and
ransacked cultural and religious sites. In 1978, Deng Xiaoping
became the new paramount leader of China and started the "Boluan
Fanzheng" program which gradually dismantled the Maoist
policies associated with the Cultural Revolution and brought the
country back to order. Deng then started a new phase of China by
initiating the historic Reforms and Opening-up program. In 1981,
the Communist Party of China declared that the Cultural Revolution
was "responsible for the most severe setback and the heaviest
losses suffered by the Party, the country, and the people since
the founding of the People's Republic". On Sale @ 15% Off
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Today's
EarthStation1.com 15% Off Commemorative Memorial Title: The
Falklands War: The Untold Story TV Series DVD, Download, USB Drive
Today, May 25, 2026
May 25, 1982: The British Empire: The
Falkland Islands (Spanish: Islas Malvinas): The Falkland Islands
Sovereignty Dispute: The Falklands War (Spanish: Guerra De Las
Malvinas): The Battle Of San Carlos: -- A battle between aircraft
and ships that lasts from May 21-25, 1982 concludes in the
aftermath of the British amphibious assault codenamed Operation
Sutton on the shores of San Carlos Water (which became known as
"Bomb Alley"), at Ajax Bay and Port San Carlos, near San
Carlos on East Falkland. In The Battle Of San Carlos, Low-flying
land-based Argentine jet aircraft made repeated attacks on ships
of the British Task Force. It was the first time in history that a
modern surface fleet armed with surface-to-air missiles and with
air cover backed up by STOVL carrier-based aircraft defended
against full-scale air strikes. The British sustained losses and
damage but were able to create and consolidate a beachhead and
land troops. John Nott, British Defence Minister, said during the
batttle "I think the Argentine pilots are showing great
bravery, it would be foolish of me to say anything else." In
spite of the British air defence network, the Argentine pilots
were able to attack their targets but some serious procedural
failures prevented them from getting better results - most
notably, shortcomings of their bomb fuses. Thirteen bombs hit
British ships without detonating. Lord Craig, the retired Marshal
of the Royal Air Force, is said to have remarked: "Six better
fuses and we would have lost". The British warships, although
themselves suffering most of the attacks, were successful in
keeping the strike aircraft away from the landing ships, which
were well inside the bay. With the British troops on Falklands
soil, a land campaign followed until Argentine General Mario
Menendez surrendered to British Major General Jeremy Moore on June
15 in Stanley. The subsonic Harrier jump-jet, armed with the
AIM-9L Sidewinder air-to-air missile, proved capable as an air
superiority fighter. The actions had a profound impact on later
naval practice. During the 1980s most warships from navies around
the world were retrofitted with close-in weapon systems and guns
for self-defence. First reports of the number of Argentine
aircraft shot down by British missile systems were subsequently
revised down. On the fifth and final day, May 25, attacks by the
FAA proved more successful than the previous day. HMS Coventry was
sunk after being hit with 500 lb (230 kg) bombs. Attacks on HMS
Broadsword damaged the frigate's communication systems and
hydraulics and shattered the nose of her Sea Lynx helicopter. RFA
Sir Lancelot was also attacked. One sortie accidentally attacked
Goose Green, mistaking it for Ajax Bay, and was hit by small arms
friendly fire. Three attackers were shot down, one by the combined
San Carlos air defences; claims include HMS Yarmouth's Seacat,
Rapier, Blowpipe and ship-based gunfire, with two more shot down
by Sea Darts fired by HMS Coventry. May 25, 1940: World War II:
The German 2nd Panzer Division captures the port of
Boulogne-sur-Mer; the surrender of the last French and British
troops marks the end of the Battle of Boulogne. On Sale @ 15% Off
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Today's
EarthStation1.com 15% Off Commemorative Memorial Title: Operation
Falklands: In The Wake Of HMS Sheffield DVD, MP4, USB Drive
Today, May 25, 2026
May 25, 1982: The British Empire: The
Falkland Islands (Spanish: Islas Malvinas): The Falkland Islands
Sovereignty Dispute: The Falklands War (Spanish: Guerra De Las
Malvinas): The Battle Of San Carlos: -- HMS Coventry is sunk by
Argentine Air Force A-4 Skyhawks. Within 20 minutes, Coventry had
been abandoned and had completely capsized. Coventry sank shortly
after. Nineteen of her crew were killed and a further 30 injured.
One of the wounded, Paul Mills, suffered complications from a
skull fracture sustained in the sinking of the ship and later died
on March 29, 1983; he is buried in his home town of Swavesey,
Cambridgeshire. After the ship was struck, her crew, waiting to be
rescued, sang "Always Look on the Bright Side of Life"
from Monty Python's Life of Brian. HMS Coventry was a Type 42
(Sheffield-class) destroyer of the Royal Navy. Laid down by
Cammell Laird and Company, Limited, at Birkenhead on January 29,
1973, she was launched on June 21, 1974 and accepted into service
on October 20, 1978. On Sale @ 15% Off Discount Till Midnight PT!
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Today's
EarthStation1.com 15% Off Commemorative Memorial Title: From Star
Wars To Jedi: The Making Of A Saga 1983 DVD, MP4, USB Drive
Today, May 25, 2026
May 25, 1983: Aesthetics: Performing
Arts: Premieres: Film Premieres: American Film Premieres: --
Return Of The Jedi is released in theaters. Return Of The Jedi
(also known as Star Wars: Episode VI - Return Of The Jedi) is a
1983 American epic space opera film directed by Richard Marquand.
The screenplay is by Lawrence Kasdan and George Lucas from a story
by Lucas, who was also the executive producer. It is the third
installment in the original Star Wars trilogy, the third film to
be produced, and the sixth film in the "Skywalker saga".
It takes place one year after The Empire Strikes Back. The film
stars Mark Hamill, Harrison Ford, Carrie Fisher, Billy Dee
Williams, Anthony Daniels, David Prowse, Kenny Baker, Peter Mayhew
and Frank Oz. In the film, the Galactic Empire, under the
direction of the Emperor, is constructing a second Death Star in
order to crush the Rebel Alliance once and for all. Since the
Emperor plans to personally oversee the final stages of its
construction, the Rebel Fleet launches a full-scale attack on the
Death Star in order to prevent its completion and kill the
Emperor, effectively bringing an end to his hold over the galaxy.
Meanwhile, Luke Skywalker, now a Jedi Knight, struggles to bring
his father Darth Vader back to the light side of the Force. Steven
Spielberg, David Lynch and David Cronenberg were considered to
direct the project before Marquand signed on as director. The
production team relied on Lucas' storyboards during
pre-production. While writing the shooting script, Lucas, Kasdan,
Marquand, and producer Howard Kazanjian spent two weeks in
conference discussing ideas to construct it. Kazanjian's schedule
pushed shooting to begin a few weeks early to allow Industrial
Light & Magic more time to work on the film's effects in
post-production. Filming took place in England, California, and
Arizona from January to May 1982. The film was released in
theaters on May 25, 1983, six years to the day of the release of
the first film, receiving mostly positive reviews. It grossed 374M
USD during its initial theatrical run, becoming the
highest-grossing film of 1983. Several re-releases and revisions
to the film have followed over the decades, which has also brought
its total gross to 475M USD. On Sale @ 15% Off Discount Till
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Today's
EarthStation1.com #OnThisDay Commemorative Memorial Title: Let
George Do It Radio Crime Series DVD, MP3 Download, USB Flash Drive
Today, May 25, 2026
May 25: National George Day: -- A day
designed to express our appreciation for everyone named George, so
if you're named George or know someone named George, use this day
to honor them (or yourself). 'George is a masculine name derived
from the Greek word 'Georgios,' which means 'farmer.' It is a
fairly common name for children and is typically masculine. George
is a name derived from the Greek 'Gergios.' Before that, it may
have been a theophoric name with historical roots in Zeus Georgos,
a slightly earlier title of the Greek god Zeus, and rising in
popularity due to its associations with the Christian martyr Saint
George and a Praetorian Guard officer, executed for refusing to
renounce Christianity. Although its religious significance has
waned among modern populations, it is still one of the most
frequently used names in the Western world. As per Social Security
data, George has risen and fallen but has remained in the overall
ranking since 2000. George even broke into the top 120 in 2019,
peaking at 119 before falling slightly again. Statistics reveal
that George reached its peak popularity in the last five years, in
June 2020. George is a famous royal and saintly name because it
was the identifier of the king of England for 116 years and the
name of Saint George, who represents good triumphing over evil.
George Washington, George Bush, George Clooney, George Foreman,
George Harrison, George Shaw, George Gershwin, George Handel,
George Burns, George Shearing, George Steinbrenner, and George
Lopez are a few other instances of famous people with the name
George.
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Today's
EarthStation1.com #OnThisDay Commemorative Memorial Title: Evita
Peron 1981 TV Miniseries Faye Dunaway MP4 Video Download DVD
Today, May 25, 2026May 25: May Revolution Day (Dia de la
Revolucion de Mayo) (Argentina): -- This national holiday
commemorates Argentina's revolution and the establishment of a
self-governing administration on May 25, 1810. The holiday is also
known as Revolution Day and National Day. Spanish interaction with
Argentina began with the immigration of Spaniards and the
establishment of Spanish settlements in the 16th century. However,
Spain's colonization of Argentina officially began in 1776 when
the Viceroyalty of Rio de la Plata was founded. The revolution
resulted in the establishment of Argentina's first independent
government on May 25, 1810. During the 16th century, Spanish
immigrants began populating Argentina, forming settlements and
intermarrying with non-Spaniards. However, it was in 1580 that
Spain established a permanent colony on the site of Buenos Aires.
Then, in 1776, King Charles III of Spain established the
Viceroyalty of Rio de la Plata, with Buenos Aires as the capital.
Thus, Spain appointed a Spanish viceroy over the country, a move
that upset local Argentines. Several events within and outside the
country acted as catalysts for the Revolution, one of such events
being the British invasion of Buenos Aires in 1806. When Spanish
viceroy Rafael de Sobremonte fled the city to avoid capture, the
people appointed a new viceroy, the French Santiago de Liniers,
who liberated the city from the British in 1806 and again in 1807.
In 1809, Spain managed to appoint a new viceroy to replace Liniers
through the Junta of Seville. However, when Argentines discovered
the Junta of Seville had dissolved itself after Seville had been
captured by France, the Revolution was sparked. Between May 18 and
May 25, a week now known as May Week, Argentina's First National
Government and the Primera Junta were formed on May 25, 1810. The
Spanish viceroy, Baltasar Hidalgo de Cisneros, was forced to
resign. Overall, the revolution was largely peaceful, though it
led to the Argentine War of Independence. On May Revolution Day,
church services are held, and government representatives address
the people during national festivities. Stage plays are conducted
at the Teatro Colon in Buenos Aires, too. Many transportation
services are made available at no cost to enable people to
participate in the celebrations.
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Today's
EarthStation1.com #OnThisDay Commemorative Memorial Title: Jerash:
Pompeii Of The East Greco-Roman Archaeology DVD MP4 Download
Today, May 25, 2026May 25: Jordan Independence Day: --
Celebrates the most important event in the history of Jordan, as
it commemorates its independence from the British government.
After World War I, the Hashemite Army of the Great Arab Revolt
took over the area which is now Jordan. The Hashemites launched
the revolt, led by Sharif Hussein, against the Ottoman Empire. The
Allied forces, comprising Britain and France supported the Great
Arab Revolt. Emir Abdullah was the one who negotiated Jordan's
independence from the British. On May 25, 1946, the parliament of
Transjordan made Abdullah I of Jordan their Emir. Though a treaty
was signed on March 22, 1946, it was two years later when Jordan
became fully independent. In March 1948, Jordan signed a new
treaty in which all restrictions on sovereignty were removed to
guarantee Jordan's independence. Jordan joined and became a full
member of the United Nations and the Arab League in December 1955.
The first appearance of fortified towns and urban centers in the
land now known as Jordan was early in the Bronze Age (3600 to 1200
B.C.). Wadi Feynan then became a regional center for copper
extraction with copper at the time, being largely exploited to
facilitate the production of bronze. Trading, migration, and
settlement of people in the Middle East peaked, thereby advancing
and refining more and more civilizations. With time, villages in
Transjordan began to expand rapidly in areas where water resources
and agricultural land abound. Ancient Egyptians then later
expanded towards the Levant and would eventually control both
banks of the Jordan River. There was a period of about 400 years
during which Jordan was under the rule and influence of the
Ottoman Empire, and the period was characterized by stagnation and
retrogression to the detriment of the Jordanian people. The reign
of the Ottoman Empire over Jordan would eventually cease when
Sharif Hussein led the Hashemite Army in the Great Revolt against
the Ottoman Empire, with the Allies of World War I supporting
them. In September 1922, the Council of the League of Nations
recognized Transjordan as a state under the terms of the
Transjordan memorandum. Transjordan remained under British mandate
until 1946, when a treaty was signed, with eventual sovereignty
being granted upon signing a subsequent treaty in 1948. The
Hashemites' assumption of power in the Jordan region came with
numerous challenges. In 1921 and 1923, there were some rebellions
in Kura which were suppressed by the Emir's forces, with British
support. Jordan is generally a peaceful region today, and it has
become quite a tourist destination in recent times.
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Today's
EarthStation1.com #OnThisDay Commemorative Memorial Title:
Chernobyl: The Final Warning (1991) DVD, Download, USB Flash Drive
Today, May 25, 2026May 25: World Thyroid Day: -- A day that
raises awareness about medical conditions that do not allow the
thyroid gland to produce a sufficient amount of hormones. Several
health organizations, physicians, and clinics conduct
presentations and educational seminars to mark the holiday. The
aim is to create awareness and get people talking about thyroid
conditions, their causes, and the available treatment options.
World Thyroid Day also educates the public about the thyroid's
significance in terms of our general wellness. Members of the
Thyroid Federation International declared World Thyroid Day in
2007. The date was chosen to honor the birth of the European
Thyroid Association (ETA), which was formed on May 25, 1965. The
ETA was the pioneer of World Thyroid Day. The American Thyroid
Association (ATA) voiced support for World Thyroid Day in 2010.
Other international bodies, such as the Chinese Society of Nuclear
Medicine (C.S.N.M.), the Chinese Society of Endocrinology
(C.S.E.), and the Asia and Oceania Thyroid Association (AOTA) are
supporters of the initiative. The thyroid gland is a tiny gland
near the base of the neck. This butterfly-shaped gland generates
two hormones: thyroxine and triiodothyronine. Although the thyroid
is a small gland, it has a significant impact on one's health. The
thyroid's principal role is to regulate the body's metabolism. The
majority of people equate metabolism with how efficiently you burn
calories. However, metabolism has an impact on body temperature
and heart rate. When you have a thyroid condition, it affects your
metabolic rate. Thyroid disorders could produce too little or too
much thyroxine and triiodothyronine. Hypothyroidism is experienced
when the thyroid does not generate enough of these hormones. This
illness usually appears when the thyroid is inflamed or there is
an iodine shortage. Iodine is a mineral that is used in the
production of thyroid hormones. Hypothyroidism can also be caused
by Hashimoto's thyroiditis, an autoimmune disorder.
Hypothyroidism, if left untreated, can cause brain fog, hair loss,
gallstones, constipation, sluggish metabolism, bloating,
heartburn, high blood pressure, and dry skin. Anyone who feels
they have a thyroid problem, particularly those with a family
history of it, should consult a doctor. Both hypothyroidism and
hyperthyroidism have numerous therapeutic options.
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Today's
EarthStation1.com #OnThisDay Commemorative Memorial Title: Coup De
Torchon aka Clean Slate (1981) DVD, MP4 Download, USB Drive
Today, May 25, 2026May 25: Towel Day: -- An annual holiday
created to celebrate author Douglas Adams by his fans. Adams wrote
the classic sci-fi novel, "The Hitchhiker's Guide to the
Galaxy." This day was organized in memory of him after he
suffered a sudden heart attack at the age of 49. His fans wanted
to find a way to commemorate his life's work, and after having one
towel day, its success made it a yearly event. On this day, fans
carry towels around everywhere they go. Today, we are celebrating
this holiday with a towel wrapped around our necks because, we
too, love Douglas Adams! Towel Day is celebrated on May 25, two
weeks after the date of Adams's death in 2001 - May 11. The day
has, over time, received the status of being a kind of ''geek
holiday'' due to its connection with the popular series. Why a
towel? It's said the towel holds much importance in "The
Hitchhiker's Guide to the Galaxy." Adams wrote about towels
as being the most helpful item for an interstellar traveler. In
chapter three of the book, he writes, "A towel, it says, is
about the most massively useful thing an interstellar hitchhiker
can have. Partly it has great practical value - you can wrap it
around you for warmth as you bound across the cold moons of Jaglan
Beta; you can lie on it on the brilliant marble sanded beaches of
Santraginus V, inhaling the heady sea vapours; you can sleep under
it beneath the stars which shine so redly on the desert world of
Kakrafoon_" and so the uses go on.Adams's strongest advice
was "Never go anywhere without your towel." This day has
been celebrated now for 19 years and is a great occasion for
science fiction fans all over the world to come together and
rejoice _ with their towels. It is said that Adams was a humorous
writer and witty character and that this day reflects his lovable
silliness.
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Today's
EarthStation1.com #OnThisDay Commemorative Memorial Title:
Auschwitz And The Allies 2 Part TV Series DVD, Download, USB Drive
Today, May 25, 2026May 25, 1948: #DOTD: #RIP: Witold Pilecki
(codenames: Roman Jezierski, Tomasz Serafinski, Druh, Witold),
Polish cavalryman, intelligence officer and hero who was
voluntarily captured by the Nazis and sent to Auschwitz to smuggle
out information and start a resistance (b. May 13, 1901) #dies by
execution by unspecified means after being subjected to torture
and a show trial by the Polish communist regime in May 1948.
Pilecki's burial place has never been found, though it is thought
to be in Warsaw's Powazki Cemetery. Witold Pilecki was born in the
town of Olonets, Karelia, in the Russian Empire. Witold Pilecki
served as a Rittmeister with the Polish Army during the
Polish-Soviet War, Second Polish Republic and World War II.
Pilecki was also a co-founder of the Secret Polish Army (Tajna
Armia Polska) a resistance group in German-occupied Poland and was
later a member of the underground Home Army (Armia Krajowa). He
was the author of Witold's Report, the first comprehensive Allied
intelligence report on Auschwitz concentration camp and the
Holocaust. He was a devout Catholic. During World War II, he
volunteered for a Polish resistance operation that involved being
deliberately captured by the Germans on September 19, 1940 in
order to become imprisoned in the Auschwitz death camp, so as to
gather intelligence about the camp, and later escape with that
information back to the Polish resistance. While in the camp,
Pilecki organized a resistance movement and, as early as 1941,
informed the Western Allies of Nazi Germany's Auschwitz
atrocities. He escaped from the camp in 1943 after nearly two and
a half years of imprisonment. Pilecki took part as a combatant in
the Warsaw Uprising in August-October 1944. He remained loyal to
the London-based Polish government-in-exile after the
Soviet-backed communist takeover of Poland and was arrested for
espionage in 1947 by the Stalinist secret police (Urzad
Bezpieczenstwa) on charges of working for "foreign
imperialism", thought to be a euphemism for British
Intelligence. Until 1989, information about his exploits and fate
was suppressed by the Polish communist regime. As a result of his
efforts, he is considered as "one of the greatest wartime
heroes". In the foreword to the book The Auschwitz Volunteer:
Beyond Bravery, Michael Schudrich, the Chief Rabbi of Poland,
wrote as follows: "When God created the human being, God had
in mind that we should all be like Captain Witold Pilecki, of
blessed memory." In the introduction to that book Norman
Davies, a British historian, wrote: "If there was an Allied
hero who deserved to be remembered and celebrated, this was a
person with few peers." At the commemoration event of
International Holocaust Remembrance Day held in the US Holocaust
Memorial Museum on January 27, 2013 Ryszard Schnepf, the Polish
Ambassador to the US, described Pilecki as a "diamond among
Poland's heroes" and "the highest example of Polish
patriotism".
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Today's
EarthStation1.com #OnThisDay Commemorative Memorial Title:
Conspiracy The Trial Of The Chicago 8 + Yippie For Pigasus DVD MP4
USB
Today, May 25, 2026May 25, 2004: #DOTD: #RIP: David
Dellinger, influential American radical pacifist and an activist
for nonviolent social change (b. August 22, 1915) #dies in
Montpelier, Vermont after an extensive stay at Heaton Woods
Nursing Home at the age of 89. His remains were cremated, and the
final disposition of his ashes are not publicly known. David T.
Dellinger achieved peak notoriety as one of the Chicago Seven
(seven defendants charged by the federal government with
conspiracy, inciting to riot, and other charges related to
anti-Vietnam War and countercultural protests that took place in
Chicago, Illinois, on the occasion of the 1968 Democratic National
Convention) who were put on trial in 1968. Dellinger was born in
Wakefield, Massachusetts to a wealthy family. His father, Raymond
Dellinger, a graduate of Yale University, was a lawyer, a
prominent Republican and friend of Calvin Coolidge. His maternal
grandmother, Alice Bird Fiske, was active in the Daughters of the
American Revolution. Dellinger studied at Yale University and
Oxford University, and he also studied theology at Union
Theological Seminary with the intention of becoming a
Congregationalist minister. At Yale he had been a classmate and
friend of the economist and political theorist Walt Rostow.
Rejecting his comfortable background, he walked out of Yale one
day to live with hobos during the Depression. While at Oxford
University, he visited Nazi Germany and drove an ambulance during
the Spanish Civil War. Dellinger, who opposed the war's victorious
Nationalist fraction, led by Francisco Franco, later recalled,
"After Spain, World War II was simple. I wasn't even tempted
to pick up a gun to fight for General Motors, U.S. Steel, or the
Chase Manhattan Bank, even if Hitler was running the other side."
During World War II, he was an imprisoned conscientious objector
and antiwar agitator. In federal prison, he and fellow
conscientious objectors, including Ralph DiGia and Bill
Sutherland, protested racial segregation in the dining halls,
which were ultimately integrated because of the protests. In
February 1946, Dellinger helped to found the radical pacifist
Committee for Nonviolent Revolution. He sat on the executive
committee of the Socialist Party of America and the Young People's
Socialist League, its youth section, until he left in 1943, and he
was also a longtime member of the War Resisters League. In the
1950s and the 1960s, Dellinger joined freedom marches in the South
and led many hunger strikes in jail. In 1956, he, Dorothy Day, and
A. J. Muste founded the magazine Liberation as a forum for the
non-Marxist left that was similar to Dissent, a left-wing
intellectual magazine edited by Michael Kazin and founded in 1954.
Dellinger had contacts and friendships with such diverse
individuals as Eleanor Roosevelt, Ho Chi Minh, Martin Luther King
Jr., Abbie Hoffman, A.J. Muste, Greg Calvert, James Bevel, David
McReynolds and numerous Black Panthers such as Fred Hampton, whom
he greatly admired. As chairman of the Fifth Avenue Vietnam Peace
Parade Committee, he worked with many different antiwar
organizations and helped bring King and Bevel into leadership
positions in the 1960s antiwar movement. In 1966 Dellinger
travelled to both North and South Vietnam to learn first-hand the
impact of American bombing. He later recalled that critics ignored
his trip to Saigon and focused solely on his visit to Hanoi. In
1968, he signed the "Writers and Editors War Tax Protest"
pledge, vowing to refuse tax payments to protest the Vietnam War.
As US involvement in Vietnam grew, Dellinger applied Mahatma
Gandhi's principles of nonviolence to his activism within the
growing antiwar movement. One of the high points of this was the
Chicago Seven trial over allegations that Dellinger and several
others had conspired to cross state lines with the intention of
inciting a riot, after antiwar protesters had interrupted the 1968
Democratic National Convention in Chicago. The ensuing court case
was turned by Dellinger and his codefendants into a
nationally-publicized platform for putting the Vietnam War on
trial. On February 18, 1970, they were acquitted of the conspiracy
charge, but five defendants, including Dellinger, were convicted
of individually crossing state lines to incite a riot. Judge
Julius Hoffman's handling of the trial, along with the FBI's
bugging of the defence lawyers, resulted, with the help of the
Center for Constitutional Rights, in the convictions being
overturned by the Seventh Circuit Court of Appeals two years
later, on 21 November 1972. Although the contempt citations were
upheld, the appeal court refused to sentence anyone. Dellinger
appeared at the December 1971 gathering of music and political
views in favor of the then-jailed John Sinclair. In the late
1970s, Dellinger spent two years teaching at Goddard College's
Adult Degree Program and Vermont College. In 2001, he was invited
back to give the commencement address to the graduating class of
Goddard's Residential Undergraduate Program. In 1986, when his
Yale class of 1936 held its 50th reunion, Dellinger wrote in the
reunion book: "Lest my way of life sounds puritanical or
austere, I always emphasize that in the long run one can't
satisfactorily say no to war, violence, and injustice unless one
is simultaneously saying yes to life, love, and laughter."
For his lifelong commitment to pacifist values and for serving as
a spokesperson for the peace movement, Dellinger was awarded the
Peace Abbey Courage of Conscience on September 26, 1992. In 1996,
during the first Democratic Convention held in Chicago since 1968,
Dellinger and his grandson were arrested along with eight others,
including Bradford Lyttle and Abbie Hoffman's son Andrew, during a
sit-in at Chicago's Federal Building. In 2001, he led a group of
young activists from Montpelier, Vermont, to Quebec City to
protest a conference that planned to create a free trade zone.
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Today's
EarthStation1.com #OnThisDay Commemorative Memorial Title: Fifteen
Years Of MacNeil/Lehrer Anniversary Documentary DVD MP4 USB
Today, May 25, 2026May 25, 1937: #BOTD: #HBD! Mark Shields,
American political columnist, advisor, and commentator who worked
in leadership positions for many Democratic candidates' electoral
campaigns (d. June 18, 2022) is #born Mark Stephen Shields in
Weymouth, Massachusetts into the Irish Catholic family of Mary
(Fallon) Shields, a schoolteacher, and William Shields, a paper
salesman who was involved in local politics. He graduated from the
University of Notre Dame in 1959 with a bachelor's degree in
philosophy. Shields provided weekly political analysis and
commentary for the PBS NewsHour from 1988 to 2020. His on-screen
counterpart from 1985 to 1990 was David Gergen, presidential
adviser during the administrations of Richard Nixon, Gerald Ford,
Ronald Reagan, and Bill Clinton, currently a senior political
analyst for CNN; from 1990 t0 2001, Paul Gigot, Pulitzer
Prize-winning conservative political commentator and editor of the
editorial pages for The Wall Street Journal; and from 2001 to 2020
David Brooks of The New York Times. Shields was also a regular
panelist on Inside Washington, a weekly public affairs show that
was seen on both PBS and ABC until it ceased production in
December 2013. Shields was moderator and panelist on CNN's Capital
Gang for 17 years. Mark Shields died from kidney failure at his
home in Chevy Chase, Maryland, aged 85. His funeral mass was held
at the Shrine of the Most Blessed Sacrament, 3630 Quesada St.,
Washington, D.C., at 11 a.m. on Wednesday, June 22. His burial
details are not publicly available.
https://store.earthstation1.com/fifteen-years-of-macneillehrer-anniversary-documentary-dvd-mp4-us4.html
Today's
EarthStation1.com #OnThisDay Commemorative Memorial Title: The
Struggles For Poland TV Series + Bonus MP4 Video Download DVD Set
Today, May 25, 2026May 25, 2014: #DOTD: #RIP: Wojciech
Jaruzelski, Polish general, politician and de facto leader of the
Polish People's Republic from 1981 until 1989, 1st President of
Poland (b. July 6 ,1923) #dies aged 90 in a Warsaw hospital after
suffering a stroke earlier that month. He had reportedly requested
last rites by a Catholic priest. President Bronislaw Komorowski,
former Presidents Lech Walesa and Aleksander Kwasniewski, and
hundreds of other Poles attended his funeral mass at the Field
Cathedral of the Polish Army in Warsaw on May 30. Walesa and
Komorowski, who were among the thousands imprisoned during the
crackdown on Solidarity in 1981, both said that judgment against
Jaruzelski "would be left to God". Jaruzelski was
cremated and buried with full military honours at Powazki Military
Cemetery in Warsaw, near the grave of Boleslaw Bierut, the first
Communist leader of Poland after World War II. The decision to
bury Jaruzelski at Powazki, the burial place of Polish soldiers
killed defending their country since the early 19th century,
caused protests. Wojciech Jaruzelski was born to Polish nobility
in Kurow in eastern (then-central) Poland, Jaruzelski was deported
with his family to Siberia by the NKVD after the invasion of
Poland. Assigned to forced labour in the Siberian wilderness, he
developed photokeratitis which forced him to wear protective
sunglasses for the rest of his life. In 1943, Jaruzelski joined
the newly created First Polish Army and fought alongside the
Soviets against Nazi Germany in the Eastern Front, most notably in
the liberation of Warsaw and in the Battle of Berlin. Following
the Polish October and the expatriation of Marshal Konstantin
Rokossovsky back to the Soviet Union, Jaruzelski became the chief
political officer of the Polish People's Army and eventually
Polish Minister of Defence in 1968. He was the First Secretary of
the Polish United Workers' Party between 1981 and 1989, making him
the last leader of the Polish People's Republic. Jaruzelski served
as Prime Minister from 1981 to 1985, the Chairman of the Council
of State from 1985 to 1989 and briefly as President of Poland from
1989 to 1990, when the office of President was restored after 37
years. He was also the last commander-in-chief of the Polish
People's Army, which in 1990 became the Polish Armed Forces.
Jaruzelski became the First Secretary of the Polish United
Workers' Party and leader of Poland after the brief one-year term
of Stanislaw Kania. Kania's predecessor, Edward Gierek, left
Poland indebted by accepting loans from foreign creditors and the
country's economy, rocked by strikes, was unstable by the time
Jaruzelski became head of state. As Poland headed towards
insolvency, rationing was enforced due to shortages of basic
goods, which only contributed to the tense social and political
situation. The declining living and working conditions triggered
anger among the masses and strengthened anti-Communist sentiment;
the Solidarity union was also gaining support, which worried the
Polish Central Committee and the Soviet Union, which viewed
Solidarity as a threat to the Warsaw Pact. Fearing a Soviet
intervention similar to those in Hungary (1956) and Czechoslovakia
(1968), Jaruzelski imposed martial law in Poland on December 13,
1981 to crush the anti-communist opposition. The military junta,
curfew and travel restrictions lasted until July 22, 1983. By the
mid-1980s, censorship lost its importance and the authority of the
United Workers' Party disintegrated, allowing more freedom of
expression in Poland. During the revolutions of 1989 in Central
and Eastern Europe, Jaruzelski supported the change of government
for the benefit of the country and resigned after the Polish Round
Table Agreement, which led to multi-party elections in Poland. He
briefly served as President of Poland from July 1989 but exercised
no real power and, in the 1990 Polish presidential election, Lech
Walesa succeeded him as the first President elected in a popular
vote. Having served as the country's leader during its turbulent
final years of Communist rule, Jaruzelski remains a controversial
figure in Poland to this day. He was praised for allowing the
country's peaceful transition into democracy, but was also
fiercely criticized by contemporaries for his imposition of
martial law, including his government's violent suppression of
protests and imprisonment of thousands of opposition activists
without definite charges, among other human rights violations.
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Today's
EarthStation1.com #OnThisDay Commemorative Memorial Title: The
Secret Of The Templars Series + Bonus Title MP4 Video Download DVD
Today, May 25, 2026May 25, 1420: Religion: The History Of
Religion: Abrahamic Religions: Christianity: The Catholic Church
(The Roman Catholic Church): Military Orders: The Knights Templar
(The Poor Fellow-Soldiers Of Christ And Of The Temple Of Solomon):
The Military Order of Christ (The Royal Military Order Of Our Lord
Jesus Christ, The Order Of Christ, The Order Of The Knights Of Our
Lord Jesus Christ): -- King Denis I Of Portugal, who in 1318
revived the former Knights Templar as The Royal Military Order Of
Our Lord Jesus Christ, appoints Prince Henry The Navigator as its
governor. King Denis had refused to pursue and persecute the
former Knights Templer as had occurred in all the other sovereign
states under the political influence of the Catholic Church,
pursuant to Pope Clement V's papal bull Vox In Excelso order that
abolished the order on March 22. Denis took The Templars Of Tomar,
Portugeuse remnant Templar survivors of Clement's abolition, and
with them reconstituted the order as The Military Order Of Christ,
largely for their aid during the Reconquista and in the
reconstruction of Portugal after the wars. Denis negotiated with
Pope Clement's successor, John XXII, for recognition of the new
order and its right to inherit the Templar assets and property.
This was granted in a papal bull, Ad Ea Ex Quibus, on March 14,
1319. Tomar was created inside the walls of the Convento De Cristo
(Portugeuse: "The Convent of Christ"), constructed under
the orders of Gualdim de Pais, the fourth Grand Master Of The
Knights Templar in Portugal in the late 12th century. From here,
The Templars Of Tomar ruled a vast region of central Portugal
which they pledged to defend from Moorish attacks and raids, and
after the order was dissolved and reconstituted, they supported
Portugal's maritime discoveries of the 15th century. The convent
and castle complex are a historic and cultural monument and was
listed as a UNESCO World Heritage site in 1983. Essentially The
Military Order Of Christ were, in every sense, Knights Templar who
continued their operations from their headquarters in Tomar,
Portugal. However, there is a school of scholarly thought that,
contrary to the belief that the Templar Order was renamed and
established by King Denis of Portugal, the Templars merely moved
backed to their original headquarters in Tomar Castle which was an
autonomous zone granted to the Templar Order. Reasons for this
move and change of name were to protect the vast assets of the
order from repatriation by the Catholic Church. The Templar assets
were then transferred over to the Cavaleiros de Cristo, all with
the blessing of King Diniz who helped pull off the deal with the
Church. In 1789, the Queen Maria I of Portugal secularized the
order. In 1910, with the end of the Portuguese monarchy, the order
was extinguished. However, in 1917, the order was revived and the
Grand-Master of the Order was to be the President of Portugal. The
Military Order of Christ, together with the Military Orders of
Aviz and of St. James of the Sword form the group of the "Ancient
Military Orders", governed by a Chancellor and a Council of
eight members, appointed by the President of the Republic, to
assist him as Grand Master in all matters concerning the
administration of the Order. The Order, despite its name, can be
conferred on civilians and on military, Portuguese and foreigners,
for outstanding services to the Republic, in parliament, in the
government, in the diplomatic service, in the Courts of Justice,
on public authorities or on the Civil Service.
https://store.earthstation1.com/seofteseboti.html
Today's
EarthStation1.com #OnThisDay Commemorative Memorial Title: Props
And Jets Axis Bombers Of World War II DVD MP4 Download USB Drive
Today, May 25, 2026May 25, 1938: The Interwar Period (The
Interbellum, Between The Wars): The Spanish Civil War: Air Warfare
Of The Spanish Civil War: Strategic Bombing During The Spanish
Civil War: German Strategic Bombing During The Spanish Civil War:
Italian Strategic Bombing During The Spanish Civil War: The
Bombing Of Alicante: -- Between seven and nine Savoia-Marchetti
SM.79 Sparviero and Savoia-Marchetti SM.81 Pipistrello bombers of
the Italian Aviazione Legionaria (Legionary Air Force) bomb
Alicante, the capital of the province of Alicante and a historic
Mediterranean port, killing between 275 and 393 civilians (100
men, 56 women, 10 children, and more than 100 unidentified bodies)
and wounding approximately 1,000. Vicious air bombings were
targeted on Alicante throughout the entire Spanish Civil War, most
notably this bombing. The city's anti-aircraft artillery of the
city was obsolete, and the air-alarm system of the city didn't
work. The bombers dropped ninety bombs, and many of them fell on
the Mercado Central de Alicante (Central Market Of Alicante;
Alicante's "Mercat" or "Market") on the
Avenida de Alfonso el Sabio (Avenue of Alfonso el Sabio). The
bombings of Alicante and Granollers, and the attacks against
British shipping, provoked protests in London, England. Alicante
was the last city loyal to the Republican government to be
occupied by General Franco's troops on April 1, 1939, and its
harbour saw the last Republican government officials fleeing the
country.
https://store.earthstation1.com/props-and-jets--axis-bombers-of-world-war-ii-dvd-mp4-usb-driv4.html
Today's
EarthStation1.com #OnThisDay Commemorative Memorial Title: War
Reporters: Armed Conflict News Reporters DVD, Download, USB Drive
Today, May 25, 2026May 25, 1954: #DOTD: #RIP: Robert Capa,
Hungarian-American war photographer and photo journalist, arguably
the greatest combat and adventure photographer in history (b.
October 22, 1913) #dies aged 40 when he steps on a land mine in
Thai Binh, Vietnam while on assignment for Life Magazine to
Southeast Asia, where the French had been fighting for eight years
in the First Indochina War. He is buried in Amawalk Friends
Cemetery in Amawalk, Westchester County, New York. Hungary issued
a stamp and a gold coin in his honor. Robert Capa was born Endre
Friedmann in Budapest, Austria-Hungary. Robert Capa fled political
repression in Hungary when he was a teenager, moving to Berlin,
where he enrolled in college. He witnessed the rise of Hitler,
which led him to move to Paris, where he changed his name and
became a photojournalist. He subsequently covered five wars: the
Spanish Civil War, the Second Sino-Japanese War, World War II
across Europe, the 1948 Arab-Israeli War, and the First Indochina
War, with his photos published in major magazines and newspapers.
During his career he risked his life numerous times, most
dramatically as the only civilian photographer landing on Omaha
Beach on D-Day. He documented the course of World War II in
London, North Africa, Italy, and the liberation of Paris. His
friends and colleagues included Irwin Shaw, John Steinbeck, Ernest
Hemingway and director John Huston. In 1947, for his work
recording World War II in pictures, U.S. general Dwight D.
Eisenhower awarded Capa the Medal Of Freedom. That same year, Capa
co-founded Magnum Photos in Paris. The organization was the first
cooperative agency for worldwide freelance photographers.
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Today's
EarthStation1.com #OnThisDay Commemorative Memorial Title: Rhythm
And Blues Revue (1955) DVD, MP4 Video Download, USB Flash Drive
Today, May 25, 2026May 25, 2014: #DOTD: #RIP: Herb Jeffries,
African American actor of film and television and popular music
and jazz singer-songwriter, known of his baritone voice,
Hollywood's first singing black cowboy (b. September 24, 1913)
#dies aged 100 in West Hills, Los Angeles County, California. He
is buried at the Hollywood Forever cemetery in Hollywood, Los
Angeles County, California. Herb Jeffries was born Umberto
Alexander Valentino in Detroit to a white Irish mother who ran a
rooming house. His father, whom he never knew, was of mixed French
Canadian, Italian and Moorish roots. In the 1940s and 1950s
Jeffries recorded for a number of labels, including RCA Victor,
Exclusive, Coral, Decca, Bethlehem, Columbia, Mercury and Trend.
His album Jamaica, recorded by RKO, is a concept album of
self-composed calypso songs. He starred in several low-budget
"race" Western feature films aimed at black audiences,
Harlem on the Prairie (1937), Two-Gun Man from Harlem (1938),
Rhythm Rodeo (1938), The Bronze Buckaroo (1939) and Harlem Rides
the Range (1939). He also acted in several other films and
television shows. During his acting career he was usually billed
as Herbert Jeffrey (sometimes "Herbert Jeffries" or
"Herbert Jeffries, Sensational Singing Cowboy").
https://store.earthstation1.com/rhythm-and-blues-revue-dvd-1955-apollo-theater-tv-1955.html
Today's
EarthStation1.com #OnThisDay Commemorative Memorial Title: WABC
Radio Airchecks MP3 Collection 1960s-1980s DVD, MP3 Download, USB
Today, May 25, 2026May 25, 2006: #DOTD: #RIP: Desmond
Dekker, Black Jamaican ska, rocksteady and reggae singer,
songwriter and musician (b. July 16, 1941) #dies of a heart attack
at his home in Thornton Heath in the London Borough of Croydon,
England at the age of 64 and was buried at Streatham Park Cemetery
on Rowan Road in Streatham Vale, South London, England. He was
born Desmond Adolphus Dacres in Saint Andrew Parish (Greater
Kingston), Jamaica. Together with his backing group The Aces
(consisting of Wilson James and Easton Barrington Howard), he had
one of the earliest international reggae hits with "Israelites"
(1968). Other hits include "007 (Shanty Town)" (1967),
"It Mek" (1969) and "You Can Get It If You Really
Want" (1970).
https://store.earthstation1.com/wabc-musicradio-shows-mp3-dvd-60s80s-am-360807775.html
Today's
EarthStation1.com #OnThisDay Commemorative Memorial Title: Rusty
Warren Comedy Album MegaSet MP3 CD Audio Download USB Drive
Today, May 25, 2026May 25, 2021: #DOTD: #RIP: Rusty Warren,
American comedian and musician known as the "Knockers Up Gal"
and "The Mother Of The Sexual Revolution" specializing
in sex-related themes and songs such as "Bounce Your Boobies"
(b. March 20, 1930) #dies in her sleep in Laguna Hills, California
at the age of 91. Rusty Warren was born in New York City, and was
adopted six months later by Helen and Herbert Goldman, a couple
from Milton, Massachusetts, who named her Ilene Goldman. She
graduated from Milton High School around 1948, studied piano at
the New England Conservatory of Music, graduating around 1954. She
spent her first free summer entertaining in small lounges, and
later taught there briefly after obtaining her degree. Her musical
mentor at the time was Arthur Fiedler, the conductor of the Boston
Pops. She recorded for Jubilee Records, then GNP Crescendo Records
which reissued some of her earlier Jubilee albums. Her career
began in the early 1950s in Phoenix, Arizona. Later she moved her
act to Las Vegas, Nevada. Her comedy routines exposed the subject
of sex from a female perspective. Her most famous contribution to
the sexual revolution was the song "Knockers Up" from
the 1960 album of the same name. SCTV comedian Catherine O'Hara
performed a character called Dusty Towne who was based on Warren.
Warren produced a DVD that chronicles her life in show business.
The DVD, Rusty Warren: Knockers Up! The Lady Behind the Laughs,
was released by GNP Crescendo in 2008.
https://store.earthstation1.com/rusty-warren-comedy-album-megaset-mp3-cd-audio-download-usb-driv3.html